Thorax Flashcards
What are the muscles of expiration?
Serratus dorsalis caudalis m.
Retractor costae m.
Transverse Thoracic m.
Transversarus thoracis m. (expiration)
Retractor costae m. (expiration)
Serratus dorsalis caudalis m. (expiration)
Mediastinum
Plica vena cavea (red star)- the connecting pleura between the caudal vena cava and the diaphragm, pericardial sac, and floor of the thorax.
Pulmonary ligaments (green star)
What is the mediastinum?
The cleft or wall between the right and left mediastinal pleura. Near the median thoracic plane, it divides the thorax into two cavities. The thoracic organs, other than the lungs, (heart, oesophagus, trachea, aorta, and thymus) help form the mediastinum.
Penetrating wounds and fluid build up- what is important about this situation to know in terms of an open thorax and anything between parietal and visceral pleura?
Sympathetic nervous system (autonomic)
Thoracolumbar- immediately associated with adrenal gland and use noadrenalin to make hair stand on end, face go blanch white, blood to muscles and heart and out of gut
Parasympathetic (autonomic) runs?
All the way from the brain. Vagus n
pink- intercostal nn.
green- phrenic nn.
Spinous processes of T2- T13
s- sternal ribs
a- asternal ribs
c- costal cartilages
f- floating ribs
How are the left lobes of the lungs named?
Left cranial (cranial and caudal parts) & left caudal
How does the vagus nerve branch?
Left Vagus n. and Right Vagus n. and then into Dorsal Vagus trunk and Ventral vagus trunk
Epaxial muscles
Dorsal to transverse processes
What is a synchronous diaphragmatic flutter? What nerve is related?
Hiccup. Reflex, once triggered causes a strong contraction of the diaphragm and closure of vocal cords. Related to the phrenic nerve.
What is the ansa subclavia?
The loop made by the cervical sympathetic trunk as it divides to pass on either side of the subclavian artery at the thoracic inlet. Forms a loop around the subclavian artery.
d- serratus dorsalis cranialis m.
r- rectus thoracis m.
s- scalenus m.
l- longissimus thoracis & lumborum m.
i- illiocostalis thoracis m.
e- external abdominal oblique m.
scalenus m.
t- trapezius m.
tc- thoracis m.
tt- cervicis m.
l- latissimus dorsi
b- brachiocephalicus m.
d- deep pectoral m.
what is p?
Pulmonary ligaments
(auricular surface- left aspect)
p- pericardium
R- right ventricle
L- left ventricle
l- left auricle
r- right auricle
r- ribs
i- internal intercostal mm.
d- intervertebral disc
s-sympathetic trunk
l- edge of left lung
v- visceral pleura
cp- costal pleura (parietal pleura)
dp- diaphragmatic pleura (parietal pleura)
mp- mediastinal pleura (parietal pleura)
pp- pericardial mediastinal pleural (parietal pleura)
t- sympathetic trunk
s- cervicothoracic or stellate ganglion
a- ansa subclavian
g- middle cervical ganglion
v- vagus n.
vs- vagosympathetic trunk
sc- subclavian artery
cv- caudal vena cava
c- cranial vena cava
a- azygous v.
b- brachiocephalic vv. (R& L)
j- ext jug vv
v- vertebral a.
c- costocervical trunk
s- superficial cervical a.
i-internal thoracic a.
a- axillary a.
c- cranial vena cava
b- brachiocephalic vv. (R& L)
a- azygous v.
i- intercostal vv.
Intercostal n.
phrenic nerve (runs beneath the caudal vena cava)
diaphragm (right lung is retracted)
s- cervico thoracic or stellate ganglion
t- sympathetic trunk (chain)
a- ansa subclavian
g- middle cervical ganglion
v- vagus n.
vs- vagosympathetic trunk
sc- l. subclavian
vs- vagosympathetic trunk n.
v- vagus n.
c- cardiac nn.
g- left recurrent laryngeal n.
r- dorsal branch L vagus n.
d- dorsal branch R vagus n.
l- ventral branch L vagus n.
t- dorsal vagal trunk
Cardiac puncture (left side)
3- 3rd intercostal space
t- long head of the triceps brachii m.
c- costochondral junction of the 3rd and 4th rib
Thoracotomy
4- 4th intercostal space
t- long head of triceps brachii m.
c- costochondral junction of the 3rd, 4th rib, and 5th
Sympathetic- thoracolumbar (from brain as well)
Parasympathetic- from brain
Epaxial muscles
Stellate ganglion
Most of the cardiac sympathetic fibres from the upper thoracic segments of the spinal cord in the dog ascend the paravertebral chains and funnel through the stellate ganglia. The cardiac sympathetic fibers pass through the dorsal or ventral limb of the ansa subclavia, and they converge at the caudal cervical ganglion.
- External and jugular veins
- lymph from the head
- lymph from the shoulder and forelimb
- tracheal duct
- thoracic duct
- lymph from the thoracic organs
**7. cisterna chyli
- lymph from the abdominal organs
- lymph from the lumbar region and kidneys
- lymph nodes of the pelvis
- lymph from the hindlimb
- Epaxial muscles
- Sublumbar muscles
- Spinal nerve
- Dorsal branch of spinal nerve
- ventral branch of spinal nerve
6,7. external and internal abdominal oblique muscles
- Transversus abdominis muscle
- rectus abdominis muscle
- linea alba
- Spinal cord
- Dorsal root
- Spinal ganglion
- ventral root
- spinal nerve
- dorsal branch of spinal nerve
- ventral branch of spinal nerve
- body of vertebra
- sympathetic trunk
- epaxial muscles
What is this? What are the nerves called above the phrenic nerve? Below?
Brachial plexus. Spinal nerves. Peripheral branches supplying the forelimb.
