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Forelimb Flashcards

1
Q
A

Scapula

Shoulder Joint

Humerus

Elbow Joint

Radius

Ulna

Carpus

Metacarpal bones

Phalanges

Metacarpophalangeal joints

Interphalangeal joints

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2
Q
A

Greater tubercle

Crest of greater tubercle

Cranial border of humerus

Lateral epicondyle

Dorsal border (top)

Spine

Acromion

Shaft of humerus

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3
Q
A

Dorsal border (top)

Serrated face of scapula

Cranial border

Caudal border (left side)

Lesser tubercle

Teres major tuberosity

Medial epicondyle

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4
Q
A

Spinous processes of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (neck)

Manubrium

Sternum

Xiphoid c.

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5
Q
A

Nuchal crest of occipital bone

Mastoid process of temporal bone

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6
Q
A

Atlas

Wing of the atlas (underneath)

Axis

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7
Q
A

S- sagittal process

P- mastoid process of the temporal bone

a- osseous external auditory meatus

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8
Q
A

nuchal crest of occipital bone (top)

Mastoid process of temporal bone

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9
Q
A

Spine of scapula

Supraspinous fossa

Infraspinous fossa (on the scapula)

Acromion

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10
Q
A

Serrated surface

Subscapular fossa

Supraglenoid tubercle

Coracoid process

gelnoid cavity

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11
Q
A

Head

neck

tricipital line

deltoid tuberosity

shaft

intertubercular groove

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12
Q
A

Olecranon

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13
Q
A

Proximal row of carpal bones

Distal row of carpal bones

Metacarpal tuberosities

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14
Q
A

Extensor processes of P3

Proximal sesamoid bones (digits 1 (1), 2-5 (2))

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15
Q
A

Rhomboideus m.

Ventral serrate m.

Pectoral mm.

Musculoskeletal joints - synsarcosis

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16
Q

It elevates the forelimb (draw shoulder dorsocranially). The extrinsic muscle lying deep to the trapezius. It extends from the median raphe of the neck, the thoracic vertebral spines, and the skull to the dorsal border of the scapula and scapular cartilage. It is divided into the cervical and thoracic parts in all species; the carnivores and pig have a small capital part.

Origin- Dorsal neck and thorax

Insertion- Dorsal border of scapula and scapular cartilage

Nerve- Dorsal br. of spinal nn. (cerv. and thoracic)

A

Rhomboideus M.

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17
Q
A

Antebrachiocarpal joint

Middle carpal joint

Carpometacarpal joint

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18
Q
A
  1. Metacarpophalangeal
  2. Interphalangeal proximal
  3. Interphalangeal distal
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19
Q
A

Subscapular fossa (on bone)

Medial glenohumeral ligament

Head of humerus

Tendon of biceps brachii m. (right side)

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20
Q

What is this ligament?

A

Supraspinous ligament

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21
Q

Which ligament is this?

A

Interosseus Ligament

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22
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Medial collateral ligament

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23
Q

What are these ligaments?

A

Oblique ligament of the elbow

Lateral collateral ligament

Annular ligament of radius

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24
Q

Which tendons or ligaments are these?

A

Digital flexor mm. tendons

Palmar annular ligament

Proximal digital ligament

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25
Q

Which ligaments are these?

A

Distal digital ligament

Proximal digital annular ligament

  1. Collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal
  2. Collateral ligaments of the Interphalangeal joints
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26
Q

What are these ligaments?

A

Distal digital annular ligaments

Proximal digital annular ligaments

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27
Q
A

Cutaneous trunci m.

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28
Q

These muscles twitch the skin (to remove flies). The thin, interrupted sheets spread over the body in the superficial fasciae.

A

Cutaneous Trunci M.

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29
Q
A

Trapezius thoracis m.

Trapezius cervicis m.

Median dorsal raphe

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30
Q
A

Left picture:

Trapezius thoracis muscle

Trapezius cervicis muscle

Right picture:

Rhomboideus cervicis m.

Rhomboideus thoracis m.

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31
Q
A

Cleidomastoideus m.

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32
Q
A

Omotransversarius m.

Cleidobrachialis m.

Cleidocervalicis m.

Clavicular intersection

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33
Q

It supports the trunk. Raises thorax and shift weight to contralateral limb. The serrated, fan-shaped muscle extending from the last five cervical vertebrae and first seven or eight ribs to the medial surface of teh scapula.

Origin- Cervical part: vertebrae C3-7 Thoracic part: Ribs 1-7 or 8

Insertion- Dorsal border of scapula and scapular cartilage

Nerve- Long thoracic

A

Ventral serrate

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34
Q

It adducts and advances the limb (extends shoulder). The flat muscle extendingfrom the sternum to the cranial surface of the humerus. It is divided into two parts, a superficial descending pectoral and a deeper transverse pectoral, based on their fibre direction.

Origin- sternum

Insertion- Cranial surface of humerus

Nerve- Pectoral

A

Superficial pectoral m.

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35
Q

It functions to draw the limb caudally and adduct it (flex shoulder). The broad muscle extending from the sternum to the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.

Origin- Sternum

Insertion- Humerus (greater and lesser tubercles)

Nerve- Pectoral and lateral thoracic

A

Deep (ascending) pectoral

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36
Q

Loose connective tissue lying deep to the skin covering the entire body. Functionally, it provides a storehouse of water and fat, and insulates and protects the body. It allows structures to move easily against each other.

A

Superficial fascia or subcutis

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37
Q

The dense connective tissue under the superficial fascia, investing most of the body. Septa, extensions of the deep fascia, extend between muscles to bones, thus, compartmentalize muscles or groups of muscles.

A

Deep fascia

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38
Q

Local thickenings of teh deep fascia taht hold tendons in place (“a rope cable”)

A

Retinaculum

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39
Q

It elevates teh scapula, thus, the forelimb (elevates shoudler and draws it forward or backward). The triangular muscle extending from the dorsomedial neck and thorax to the spine of the scapula. It has two heads- cervical and thoracic.

Origin- Cervical: median fibrous raphe of neck

Thoracic: spines of the vertebrae T3-8 or 9

Insertion- spine of scapula

Nerve- Accessory

A

Trapezius thoracis m.

Trapezius cervicis m.

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40
Q

Part of the brachiocephalicus muscle (more specifically part of the cleidocephalicus- top bit above the clavicular intersection). It acts to pull the limb forward or flex neck laterally.

Origin- clavicular intersection

Insertion- skull (neck and skull/ mastoid process in carnivores)

Nerve- accessory and axillary

A

Cleidomastoideus m.

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41
Q

Draws the limb forward. Extends from the shoulder region to the cervical vertebrae. In the horse it is fused with the brachiocephalicus and doesn’t attach to the scapular spine, possibly because it has no acromion.

Origin- Wing of atlas

Insertion- Distal scapular spine

Nerve- accessory and cervical

A

Omotransversarius m.

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42
Q

Part of the brachiocephalicus muscle (bottom part). It pulls the limb forward or flexes the neck laterally. Not further divided as the cleidocephalicus is.

Origin- Clavicular intersection

Insertion- humerus

Nerve- accessory and axillary

A

Cleidobrachialis m.

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43
Q
A

Trapezius muscle

Latissimus dorsi m. (on trunk)

Omotransversarius m.

Cut edge of cutaneous trunci m.

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44
Q
A

Deep Pectoral m.

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45
Q
A

Deep pectoral m.

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46
Q
A

Deep pectoral muscles

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47
Q
A

Serratus ventralis m.

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48
Q
A

Serratus ventralis m.

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49
Q
A

Deltoideus m.

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50
Q

Flex shoulder. Extends from the scapular spine over the shoulder joint to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Its aponeurosis covers the infraspinatous muscle.

Origin- spine of scapula (scapular part) and acromion process (acromial part- absent in horse and pig)

Insertion- deltoid tuberosity

Nerve- Axillary

A

Deltoideus m.

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51
Q
A

Teres major m.

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52
Q
A

Infraspinatus m.

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53
Q

Stabilize, flex, and extend shoulder. Lies deep to the aponeurosis of the deltoid muscle, originating from and filling the infraspinous fossa. Its strong tendon crosses the shoulder joint to insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus. It flexes the shoulder joint and acts with the supraspinatous muscle as the joint’s lateral collateral ligament. There is an infraspinatus bursa between the tendon of insertion and the greater tubercle.

Origin- Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion- Humerus (greater tubercle)

Nerve- suprascapular

A

Infraspinatous m.

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54
Q

Flex shoudler. Arises from the caudal border of the scapula and inserts with the latissimus dorsi muscle on the medial side of the humerus.

Origin- Caudal border of scapula

Insertion- Teres major tuberosity of humerus

Nerve- Axillary

A

Teres major m.

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55
Q
A

Triceps brachii m.

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56
Q
A

Triceps brachii m.

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57
Q

Extend elbow and its long head flexes the shoulder. Composed of three or four heads. Its long head crosses the shoulder, and all heads cross the elbow joint to insert on the olecranon.

Origin- Caudal edge of scapula (long head); humerus (lateral head)

Insertion- olecranon

Nerve- radial

A

Triceps brachii m.

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58
Q
A

Spine of the scapula

Tendon sheath (surrounds tendon in intertubercular groove)

Biceps brachii m.

Humerus

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59
Q
A

Infraspinatus m.

Bursa beneath tendon at this site

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60
Q

Flex elbow (with the brachialis muscle) and extend shoulder. Arises from the supraglenoid tubercle, crosses the shoulder and elbow, and inserts on the radial tuberosity of the radius. It extends the shoulder, and more importantly, with the brachialis muscle, flexes the elbow joint.

Origin- supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

Insertion- radial tuberosity

Nerve- musculocutaneous

A

Biceps brachii m.

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61
Q

Stabilize, flex, and extend shoulder. Acts with the supraspinatus muscle as the joint’s lateral collateral ligament. There is an infraspinatus bursa between the tendon of insertion and the greater tubercle.

Lies deep to the aponeurosis of the deltoid muscle, origating from and filling the infraspinous fossa. Its strong tendon crosses the shoulder joint to insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus.

Origin- infraspinatus fossa of the scapula

Insertion- humerus (greater tubercle)

Nerve- suprascapular

A

infraspinatus m.

62
Q
A

supraspinatus m.

deltoid m.

63
Q
A

Supraspinatus m.

Subscapular m.

Teres major m.

64
Q
A

Long head

Medial head

accessory head

65
Q
A

Long head

Medial head

Accessory head

66
Q

Stabilize & extend shoulder. A shoulder extensor, it originates from and fills the suprasinous fossa. Curving over the shoulder joint, it inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus. It acts as the shoulder’s lateral collateral ligament.

Origin- supraspinous fossa of the scapula

Insertion- humerus (greater and lesser tubercles)

Nerve- supra scapular

A

Supraspinatus m.

67
Q

Flex shoulder. Extends from the scapular spine over the shoulder joint to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Its aponeurosis covers the infraspinatus muscle.

A

Deltoid m.

68
Q
A

Shoulder

Brachialis m.

69
Q
A

Biceps brachii m.

70
Q
A

Triceps brachii m. (long head)

Teres minor m.

Deltoid m. cut and reflected

71
Q
A

subscapularis m. (label on muscle)

Corabrachialis m.

Tensor fascia antebrachii m.

Triceps brachii m.

72
Q

Flex shoulder. the small muscle ventral to the tendon of insertion of the infraspinatus muscle. It crosses the lateral surface of the shoulder.

Origin- caudal border of scapula

Insertion- teres minor tuberosity of humerus

Nerve- axillary nerve

A

Teres minor m.

73
Q

Flex shoulder. the small muscle extending from the coracoid process over the shoulder to the humerus on the medial side of the axilla.

Origin- coracoid process of scapula

Insertion- lesser tubercle of humerus

nerve- musculocutaneous

A

Coracobrachialis m.

75
Q

Adduct and extend shoulder joint. The large muscle originating from the subscapular fossa. It crosses the shoudler joint and inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus. It adducts the shoulder and serves as the shoulder’s medial collateral ligament.

Origin- subscapular fossa

Insertion- lesser tubercle of the humerus

Nerve- Subscapular

A

Subscapularis m.

76
Q

Extends elbow. The thin, insignificant muscle arising from the latissimus dorsi muscle and covering the medial surface of the brachii muscle.

Origin- latissimus dorsi m.

Insertion- Olecranon & antebrachial fascia

Nerve- radial

A

Tensor fasciae antebrachii m.

77
Q
A

Aconeus m.

78
Q

Extend elbow. Crosses the lateral aspect of the elbow joint under the triceps brachii muscle. A lateral approach to the elbow is through this muscle.

A

Anconeus m.

79
Q
A

Common digital extensor m.

lateral digital extensor m.

extensor carpi radialis m.

ulnaris lateralis m.

80
Q
A

supinator m.

pronator teres m.

81
Q

It extends the digits and carpus. The long muscle inserting into the extensor process of the third phalanx (phalanges)

Origin- lateral epicondyle (humerus)

Insertion- Dorsal portion of phalanges

Nerve- radial

A

Common digital extensor

82
Q

Extends digits and carpus. Originating on or near the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserting on the phalanges of the lateral digits.

Origin- on or near lateral epicondyle

Insertion- middle phalanges

nerve- radial

A

Lateral digital extensor

83
Q

It extends the carpus and flexes the elbow. The largest extensor muscle, it inserts on the metacarpal tuberosity.

Origin- lateral epicondyle (humerus)

Insertion- metacarpus

nerve- radial

A

Extensor carpi radialis m.

84
Q

Flex carpal joint. The most caudal extensor muscle. It inserts on the proximal part of the metacarpal bone and the accessory carpal bone.

Origin- lateral epicondyle (humerus)

Insertion- prox. end of Me

nerve- radial

A

Ulnaris lateralis m.

85
Q

supinates paw. It extends from the lateral epicondyle to the radius under the extensor carpi radialis muscle.

Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion- radius

Nerve- radial

A

Supinator m.

86
Q

Pronates paw. The small muscle in carnivores extending from the medial epicondyle of the humerus obliquely to the radius.

Origin- medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion- radius

nerve- radial

A

Pronator teres m.

87
Q
A

pronator quadratus m.

abductor pollicis longus m.

88
Q

Pronates paw. A wide, short muscle bridging the length of the interosseus space between the ulna and radius. It is deep to the deep digital flexor muscle.

Origin- distal ulna

Insertion- distal radius

nerve- median

A

Pronator quadratus m.

89
Q
A

a. median n & a
b. pronator teres m.
c. ulna n.

90
Q
A

pronator teres m.

extensor carpi radialis m.

91
Q
A

interosseus mm.

deep digital flexor tendons

92
Q
A

Extensor branches of interosseus mm.

Metacarpophalangeal joint

93
Q
A

thoracolumbar fascia

94
Q
A

tendon of biceps brachii m.

transverse humeral retinaculum

biceps brachii m.

95
Q
A

Palmar carpal ligament which forms the deep wall of the carpal canal

96
Q
A

a. common digital extensor m.
b. superficial digital flexor m.
c. carpal canal (deep to tendon of s.d. flxr m.)
d. accessory carpal bone

97
Q
A

extensor retinaculum

flexor retinaculum

98
Q
A

a. superficial carpal fascia
b. deep carpal fascia
c. flexor retinaculum
d. extensor retinaculum

99
Q
A

ulnaris lateralis m.

tendons of common digital extensor m.

extensor retinaculum

100
Q

What type of fascia?

A

Deep antebracial fascia

Superficial antebrachial fascia

101
Q

antebrachium is actually the?

102
Q

manus is actually?

A

The forefoot

103
Q

What are the two joints and all the yellow labelled ligaments called?

A

Elbow joint, carpus, collateral ligaments

104
Q
A

a. superficial cervical a.
b. left subclavian a.
c. axillary a.
d. subscapular a.
e. brachial a.
f. caudal interosseous a.
g. radial a.
h. median a.

105
Q
A

a. ext. jugular —i. cephalic v.
b. axillary v.— j. axillobrachial v. —q. cephalic v.
c. brachiocephalic vv.— k. ext. jugular v. —r. accessory cephalic v.
d. cvc —l. axillobrachial v.
e. subclavian v.— m. brachial v.
f. brachial v. —-n. median v.
g. median cubital v. —-o. cephalic v.
h. median v. —-p. omobrachial v.

106
Q
A

Superficial cervial lymph node (teal)

Axillary lymph node (green)

107
Q
A

a. C6-C8 and T1
b. Brachial plexus
c. Musculocutaneous n.
d. Radial n.
e. median n.
f. ulnar n.

108
Q
A

Arrow- claws

M- Metacarpal pad

D- digital pad

C- Carpal pad

109
Q
A

Spine of the scapula with supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm. reflected

110
Q
A

a. Trapezius m.
b. Omotransversarius m.
c. Scapular part of deltoideus m.

111
Q
A
  1. spine of scapula
  2. acromion
  3. shoudler joint
  4. shaft of humerus
112
Q
A

Humerus

Omotransversarius

113
Q
A

Infraspinatus m.

Teres minor m.

114
Q
A

Surgical approach through the shaft of the radius through a lateral incision

115
Q
A

a. extensor carpi radialis m.
b. common digital extensor m.
c. lateral digital extensor m.
d. abductor pollicis longus m.

116
Q
A
  1. Infraspinatus m.
  2. Subscapularis m.
117
Q
A

Elbow joint flexion- contraction of biceps brachii & brachialis mm.

Elbow joint extension- contraction of triceps brachii m.

118
Q
A

a. triceps m. extensor of the elbow joint
b. biceps brachii & brachialis mm. flexor of the elbow joint

119
Q
A

a. claw fold
b. claw shell
c. ungual process of P3
d. tendon of the deep digital flexor m.
e. digital cushion
f. epidermis of pad

120
Q
A

Elbow callus (thickened skin over olecranon)

121
Q

Armpit

122
Q
A

a. Supraspinatus m.
b. trapezius m.
c. deep pectoral m. (right above sits axillary lymph node)
d. brachiocephalic m. (on top sits superficial cervial lymph node- one is between the trap and brachiocephalic)
e. omotransversarius m.
f. shoulder joint

123
Q
A

a. superficial pectoral m.
b. superficial cervical lymph node
c. trapezius m.

124
Q
A

a. latissimus dorsi m.
b. axillary lymph node
c. deep pectoral m.

125
Q
A

1a & 1v- Axillary a & v

2 Subscapular a & v

4 Lateral thoracic a & v

126
Q

c. brachiocephalicus m. (reflected cranially)

A

a. course of cervical a & v
b. Cephalic v. (crossing superficial pectoral m.)

127
Q
A

Course of superficial cervical a & v

128
Q
A

External jugular v.

129
Q
A

a. Cephalic v.
b. Axillobrachial v.
c. Omobrachial v.

130
Q
A
  1. Subscapular a & v
  2. Thoracodorsal a & v
  3. Caudal circumflex humeral a & v
131
Q
A

a. suprascapular a & v
b. superficial cervical a & v
c. suprascapular n.

132
Q
A

a. brachial a. (with median n.)
b. brachial v.

133
Q
A

a. ulnaris lateralis m.
b. ulnar n.
c. ulnar a & v

134
Q
A

a. brachial a & v & median n.
b. median a & v

135
Q
A

a. Radial a & v
b. Median a & v & median n.

136
Q
A

Cephalic V.

137
Q
A

Accessory cephalic v.

138
Q
A

a. cephalic v.
b. median cubital v.
c. median a. v. & n.

139
Q
A

a. metacarpophalangeal joints
b. superficial palmar venous arch
c. cephalic v.

140
Q
A

accessory cephalic v.

dorsal common digital aa. vv. & nn.

141
Q
A

Brachial plexus

Lateral thoracic n.

142
Q
A
  1. subscapular n.
  2. axillary n.
  3. radial n.
  4. thoracodorsal n.
143
Q

Which nerve is the arrows?

A

Lateral thoracic n.

144
Q
A

a. subscapular n.
b. superficial cervical a. & v.

145
Q
A
  1. Axillary N.
  2. Radial N.
146
Q
A

Axillary nerve

147
Q
A

a. musculocutaneous n.
b. median n.
c. ulnar n.

148
Q
A

Radial n. branches

149
Q
A

a. ulnar n.
b. median n.

150
Q
A

accessory cephalic v.

dorsal common digital aa. vv. and nn.

151
Q

Which muscles of the forelimb support the weight?

A

Extensor muscles

152
Q

What muscle is used for swinging?

A

Serratus ventralis

RAD (3 decks)

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