Forelimb Flashcards
1
Q
A
Scapula
Shoulder Joint
Humerus
Elbow Joint
Radius
Ulna
Carpus
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
2
Q
A
Greater tubercle
Crest of greater tubercle
Cranial border of humerus
Lateral epicondyle
Dorsal border (top)
Spine
Acromion
Shaft of humerus
3
Q
A
Dorsal border (top)
Serrated face of scapula
Cranial border
Caudal border (left side)
Lesser tubercle
Teres major tuberosity
Medial epicondyle
4
Q
A
Spinous processes of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (neck)
Manubrium
Sternum
Xiphoid c.
5
Q
A
Nuchal crest of occipital bone
Mastoid process of temporal bone
6
Q
A
Atlas
Wing of the atlas (underneath)
Axis
7
Q
A
S- sagittal process
P- mastoid process of the temporal bone
a- osseous external auditory meatus
8
Q
A
nuchal crest of occipital bone (top)
Mastoid process of temporal bone
9
Q
A
Spine of scapula
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa (on the scapula)
Acromion
10
Q
A
Serrated surface
Subscapular fossa
Supraglenoid tubercle
Coracoid process
gelnoid cavity
11
Q
A
Head
neck
tricipital line
deltoid tuberosity
shaft
intertubercular groove
12
Q
A
Olecranon
13
Q
A
Proximal row of carpal bones
Distal row of carpal bones
Metacarpal tuberosities
14
Q
A
Extensor processes of P3
Proximal sesamoid bones (digits 1 (1), 2-5 (2))
15
Q
A
Rhomboideus m.
Ventral serrate m.
Pectoral mm.
Musculoskeletal joints - synsarcosis
16
Q
It elevates the forelimb (draw shoulder dorsocranially). The extrinsic muscle lying deep to the trapezius. It extends from the median raphe of the neck, the thoracic vertebral spines, and the skull to the dorsal border of the scapula and scapular cartilage. It is divided into the cervical and thoracic parts in all species; the carnivores and pig have a small capital part.
Origin- Dorsal neck and thorax
Insertion- Dorsal border of scapula and scapular cartilage
Nerve- Dorsal br. of spinal nn. (cerv. and thoracic)
A
Rhomboideus M.
17
Q
A
Antebrachiocarpal joint
Middle carpal joint
Carpometacarpal joint
18
Q
A
- Metacarpophalangeal
- Interphalangeal proximal
- Interphalangeal distal
19
Q
A
Subscapular fossa (on bone)
Medial glenohumeral ligament
Head of humerus
Tendon of biceps brachii m. (right side)
20
Q
What is this ligament?
A
Supraspinous ligament
21
Q
Which ligament is this?
A
Interosseus Ligament
22
Q
What ligament is this?
A
Medial collateral ligament
23
Q
What are these ligaments?
A
Oblique ligament of the elbow
Lateral collateral ligament
Annular ligament of radius
24
Q
Which tendons or ligaments are these?
A
Digital flexor mm. tendons
Palmar annular ligament
Proximal digital ligament
25
Which ligaments are these?
Distal digital ligament
Proximal digital annular ligament
1. Collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal
2. Collateral ligaments of the Interphalangeal joints
26
What are these ligaments?
Distal digital annular ligaments
Proximal digital annular ligaments
27
Cutaneous trunci m.
28
These muscles twitch the skin (to remove flies). The thin, interrupted sheets spread over the body in the superficial fasciae.
Cutaneous Trunci M.
29
Trapezius thoracis m.
Trapezius cervicis m.
Median dorsal raphe
30
Left picture:
Trapezius thoracis muscle
Trapezius cervicis muscle
Right picture:
Rhomboideus cervicis m.
Rhomboideus thoracis m.
31
Cleidomastoideus m.
32
Omotransversarius m.
Cleidobrachialis m.
Cleidocervalicis m.
Clavicular intersection
33
It supports the trunk. Raises thorax and shift weight to contralateral limb. The serrated, fan-shaped muscle extending from the last five cervical vertebrae and first seven or eight ribs to the medial surface of teh scapula.
Origin- Cervical part: vertebrae C3-7 Thoracic part: Ribs 1-7 or 8
Insertion- Dorsal border of scapula and scapular cartilage
Nerve- Long thoracic
Ventral serrate
34
It adducts and advances the limb (extends shoulder). The flat muscle extendingfrom the sternum to the cranial surface of the humerus. It is divided into two parts, a superficial descending pectoral and a deeper transverse pectoral, based on their fibre direction.
## Footnote
Origin- sternum
Insertion- Cranial surface of humerus
Nerve- Pectoral
Superficial pectoral m.
35
It functions to draw the limb caudally and adduct it (flex shoulder). The broad muscle extending from the sternum to the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.
Origin- Sternum
Insertion- Humerus (greater and lesser tubercles)
Nerve- Pectoral and lateral thoracic
Deep (ascending) pectoral
36
Loose connective tissue lying deep to the skin covering the entire body. Functionally, it provides a storehouse of water and fat, and insulates and protects the body. It allows structures to move easily against each other.
Superficial fascia or subcutis
37
The dense connective tissue under the superficial fascia, investing most of the body. Septa, extensions of the deep fascia, extend between muscles to bones, thus, compartmentalize muscles or groups of muscles.
Deep fascia
38
Local thickenings of teh deep fascia taht hold tendons in place ("a rope cable")
Retinaculum
39
It elevates teh scapula, thus, the forelimb (elevates shoudler and draws it forward or backward). The triangular muscle extending from the dorsomedial neck and thorax to the spine of the scapula. It has two heads- cervical and thoracic.
Origin- Cervical: median fibrous raphe of neck
Thoracic: spines of the vertebrae T3-8 or 9
Insertion- spine of scapula
Nerve- Accessory
Trapezius thoracis m.
Trapezius cervicis m.
40
Part of the brachiocephalicus muscle (more specifically part of the cleidocephalicus- top bit above the clavicular intersection). It acts to pull the limb forward or flex neck laterally.
Origin- clavicular intersection
Insertion- skull (neck and skull/ mastoid process in carnivores)
Nerve- accessory and axillary
Cleidomastoideus m.
41
Draws the limb forward. Extends from the shoulder region to the cervical vertebrae. In the horse it is fused with the brachiocephalicus and doesn't attach to the scapular spine, possibly because it has no acromion.
Origin- Wing of atlas
Insertion- Distal scapular spine
Nerve- accessory and cervical
Omotransversarius m.
42
Part of the brachiocephalicus muscle (bottom part). It pulls the limb forward or flexes the neck laterally. Not further divided as the cleidocephalicus is.
Origin- Clavicular intersection
Insertion- humerus
Nerve- accessory and axillary
Cleidobrachialis m.
43
Trapezius muscle
Latissimus dorsi m. (on trunk)
Omotransversarius m.
Cut edge of cutaneous trunci m.
44
Deep Pectoral m.
45
Deep pectoral m.
46
Deep pectoral muscles
47
Serratus ventralis m.
48
Serratus ventralis m.
49
Deltoideus m.
50
Flex shoulder. Extends from the scapular spine over the shoulder joint to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Its aponeurosis covers the infraspinatous muscle.
Origin- spine of scapula (scapular part) and acromion process (acromial part- absent in horse and pig)
Insertion- deltoid tuberosity
Nerve- Axillary
Deltoideus m.
51
Teres major m.
52
Infraspinatus m.
53
Stabilize, flex, and extend shoulder. Lies deep to the aponeurosis of the deltoid muscle, originating from and filling the infraspinous fossa. Its strong tendon crosses the shoulder joint to insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus. It flexes the shoulder joint and acts with the supraspinatous muscle as the joint's lateral collateral ligament. There is an infraspinatus bursa between the tendon of insertion and the greater tubercle.
Origin- Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion- Humerus (greater tubercle)
Nerve- suprascapular
Infraspinatous m.
54
Flex shoudler. Arises from the caudal border of the scapula and inserts with the latissimus dorsi muscle on the medial side of the humerus.
Origin- Caudal border of scapula
Insertion- Teres major tuberosity of humerus
Nerve- Axillary
Teres major m.
55
Triceps brachii m.
56
Triceps brachii m.
57
Extend elbow and its long head flexes the shoulder. Composed of three or four heads. Its long head crosses the shoulder, and all heads cross the elbow joint to insert on the olecranon.
Origin- Caudal edge of scapula (long head); humerus (lateral head)
Insertion- olecranon
Nerve- radial
Triceps brachii m.
58
Spine of the scapula
Tendon sheath (surrounds tendon in intertubercular groove)
Biceps brachii m.
Humerus
59
Infraspinatus m.
Bursa beneath tendon at this site
60
Flex elbow (with the brachialis muscle) and extend shoulder. Arises from the supraglenoid tubercle, crosses the shoulder and elbow, and inserts on the radial tuberosity of the radius. It extends the shoulder, and more importantly, with the brachialis muscle, flexes the elbow joint.
Origin- supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Insertion- radial tuberosity
Nerve- musculocutaneous
Biceps brachii m.
61
Stabilize, flex, and extend shoulder. Acts with the supraspinatus muscle as the joint's lateral collateral ligament. There is an infraspinatus bursa between the tendon of insertion and the greater tubercle.
Lies deep to the aponeurosis of the deltoid muscle, origating from and filling the infraspinous fossa. Its strong tendon crosses the shoulder joint to insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus.
Origin- infraspinatus fossa of the scapula
Insertion- humerus (greater tubercle)
Nerve- suprascapular
infraspinatus m.
62
supraspinatus m.
deltoid m.
63
Supraspinatus m.
Subscapular m.
Teres major m.
64
Long head
Medial head
accessory head
65
Long head
Medial head
Accessory head
66
Stabilize & extend shoulder. A shoulder extensor, it originates from and fills the suprasinous fossa. Curving over the shoulder joint, it inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus. It acts as the shoulder's lateral collateral ligament.
Origin- supraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion- humerus (greater and lesser tubercles)
Nerve- supra scapular
Supraspinatus m.
67
Flex shoulder. Extends from the scapular spine over the shoulder joint to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Its aponeurosis covers the infraspinatus muscle.
Deltoid m.
68
Shoulder
Brachialis m.
69
Biceps brachii m.
70
Triceps brachii m. (long head)
Teres minor m.
Deltoid m. cut and reflected
71
subscapularis m. (label on muscle)
Corabrachialis m.
Tensor fascia antebrachii m.
Triceps brachii m.
72
Flex shoulder. the small muscle ventral to the tendon of insertion of the infraspinatus muscle. It crosses the lateral surface of the shoulder.
Origin- caudal border of scapula
Insertion- teres minor tuberosity of humerus
Nerve- axillary nerve
Teres minor m.
73
Flex shoulder. the small muscle extending from the coracoid process over the shoulder to the humerus on the medial side of the axilla.
Origin- coracoid process of scapula
Insertion- lesser tubercle of humerus
nerve- musculocutaneous
Coracobrachialis m.
74
75
Adduct and extend shoulder joint. The large muscle originating from the subscapular fossa. It crosses the shoudler joint and inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus. It adducts the shoulder and serves as the shoulder's medial collateral ligament.
Origin- subscapular fossa
Insertion- lesser tubercle of the humerus
Nerve- Subscapular
Subscapularis m.
76
Extends elbow. The thin, insignificant muscle arising from the latissimus dorsi muscle and covering the medial surface of the brachii muscle.
Origin- latissimus dorsi m.
Insertion- Olecranon & antebrachial fascia
Nerve- radial
Tensor fasciae antebrachii m.
77
Aconeus m.
78
Extend elbow. Crosses the lateral aspect of the elbow joint under the triceps brachii muscle. A lateral approach to the elbow is through this muscle.
Anconeus m.
79
Common digital extensor m.
lateral digital extensor m.
extensor carpi radialis m.
ulnaris lateralis m.
80
supinator m.
pronator teres m.
81
It extends the digits and carpus. The long muscle inserting into the extensor process of the third phalanx (phalanges)
Origin- lateral epicondyle (humerus)
Insertion- Dorsal portion of phalanges
Nerve- radial
Common digital extensor
82
Extends digits and carpus. Originating on or near the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserting on the phalanges of the lateral digits.
Origin- on or near lateral epicondyle
Insertion- middle phalanges
nerve- radial
Lateral digital extensor
83
It extends the carpus and flexes the elbow. The largest extensor muscle, it inserts on the metacarpal tuberosity.
Origin- lateral epicondyle (humerus)
Insertion- metacarpus
nerve- radial
Extensor carpi radialis m.
84
Flex carpal joint. The most caudal extensor muscle. It inserts on the proximal part of the metacarpal bone and the accessory carpal bone.
Origin- lateral epicondyle (humerus)
Insertion- prox. end of Me
nerve- radial
Ulnaris lateralis m.
85
supinates paw. It extends from the lateral epicondyle to the radius under the extensor carpi radialis muscle.
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion- radius
Nerve- radial
Supinator m.
86
Pronates paw. The small muscle in carnivores extending from the medial epicondyle of the humerus obliquely to the radius.
Origin- medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion- radius
nerve- radial
Pronator teres m.
87
pronator quadratus m.
abductor pollicis longus m.
88
Pronates paw. A wide, short muscle bridging the length of the interosseus space between the ulna and radius. It is deep to the deep digital flexor muscle.
Origin- distal ulna
Insertion- distal radius
nerve- median
Pronator quadratus m.
89
a. median n & a
b. pronator teres m.
c. ulna n.
90
pronator teres m.
extensor carpi radialis m.
91
interosseus mm.
deep digital flexor tendons
92
Extensor branches of interosseus mm.
Metacarpophalangeal joint
93
thoracolumbar fascia
94
tendon of biceps brachii m.
transverse humeral retinaculum
biceps brachii m.
95
Palmar carpal ligament which forms the deep wall of the carpal canal
96
a. common digital extensor m.
b. superficial digital flexor m.
c. carpal canal (deep to tendon of s.d. flxr m.)
d. accessory carpal bone
97
extensor retinaculum
flexor retinaculum
98
a. superficial carpal fascia
b. deep carpal fascia
c. flexor retinaculum
d. extensor retinaculum
99
ulnaris lateralis m.
tendons of common digital extensor m.
extensor retinaculum
100
What type of fascia?
Deep antebracial fascia
Superficial antebrachial fascia
101
antebrachium is actually the?
Forearm
102
manus is actually?
The forefoot
103
What are the two joints and all the yellow labelled ligaments called?
Elbow joint, carpus, collateral ligaments
104
a. superficial cervical a.
b. left subclavian a.
c. axillary a.
d. subscapular a.
e. brachial a.
f. caudal interosseous a.
g. radial a.
h. median a.
105
a. ext. jugular ---i. cephalic v.
b. axillary v.--- j. axillobrachial v. ---q. cephalic v.
c. brachiocephalic vv.--- k. ext. jugular v. ---r. accessory cephalic v.
d. cvc ---l. axillobrachial v.
e. subclavian v.--- m. brachial v.
f. brachial v. ----n. median v.
g. median cubital v. ----o. cephalic v.
h. median v. ----p. omobrachial v.
106
Superficial cervial lymph node (teal)
Axillary lymph node (green)
107
a. C6-C8 and T1
b. Brachial plexus
c. Musculocutaneous n.
d. Radial n.
e. median n.
f. ulnar n.
108
Arrow- claws
M- Metacarpal pad
D- digital pad
C- Carpal pad
109
Spine of the scapula with supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm. reflected
110
a. Trapezius m.
b. Omotransversarius m.
c. Scapular part of deltoideus m.
111
1. spine of scapula
2. acromion
3. shoudler joint
4. shaft of humerus
112
Humerus
Omotransversarius
113
Infraspinatus m.
Teres minor m.
114
Surgical approach through the shaft of the radius through a lateral incision
115
a. extensor carpi radialis m.
b. common digital extensor m.
c. lateral digital extensor m.
d. abductor pollicis longus m.
116
1. Infraspinatus m.
2. Subscapularis m.
117
Elbow joint flexion- contraction of biceps brachii & brachialis mm.
Elbow joint extension- contraction of triceps brachii m.
118
a. triceps m. extensor of the elbow joint
b. biceps brachii & brachialis mm. flexor of the elbow joint
119
a. claw fold
b. claw shell
c. ungual process of P3
d. tendon of the deep digital flexor m.
e. digital cushion
f. epidermis of pad
120
Elbow callus (thickened skin over olecranon)
121
Armpit
Axilla
122
a. Supraspinatus m.
b. trapezius m.
c. deep pectoral m. (right above sits axillary lymph node)
d. brachiocephalic m. (on top sits superficial cervial lymph node- one is between the trap and brachiocephalic)
e. omotransversarius m.
f. shoulder joint
123
a. superficial pectoral m.
b. superficial cervical lymph node
c. trapezius m.
124
a. latissimus dorsi m.
b. axillary lymph node
c. deep pectoral m.
125
1a & 1v- Axillary a & v
2 Subscapular a & v
4 Lateral thoracic a & v
126
c. brachiocephalicus m. (reflected cranially)
a. course of cervical a & v
b. Cephalic v. (crossing superficial pectoral m.)
127
Course of superficial cervical a & v
128
External jugular v.
129
a. Cephalic v.
b. Axillobrachial v.
c. Omobrachial v.
130
2. Subscapular a & v
3. Thoracodorsal a & v
4. Caudal circumflex humeral a & v
131
a. suprascapular a & v
b. superficial cervical a & v
c. suprascapular n.
132
a. brachial a. (with median n.)
b. brachial v.
133
a. ulnaris lateralis m.
b. ulnar n.
c. ulnar a & v
134
a. brachial a & v & median n.
b. median a & v
135
a. Radial a & v
b. Median a & v & median n.
136
Cephalic V.
137
Accessory cephalic v.
138
a. cephalic v.
b. median cubital v.
c. median a. v. & n.
139
a. metacarpophalangeal joints
b. superficial palmar venous arch
c. cephalic v.
140
accessory cephalic v.
dorsal common digital aa. vv. & nn.
141
Brachial plexus
Lateral thoracic n.
142
1. subscapular n.
2. axillary n.
3. radial n.
4. thoracodorsal n.
143
Which nerve is the arrows?
Lateral thoracic n.
144
a. subscapular n.
b. superficial cervical a. & v.
145
1. Axillary N.
2. Radial N.
146
Axillary nerve
147
a. musculocutaneous n.
b. median n.
c. ulnar n.
148
Radial n. branches
149
a. ulnar n.
b. median n.
150
accessory cephalic v.
dorsal common digital aa. vv. and nn.
151
Which muscles of the forelimb support the weight?
Extensor muscles
152
What muscle is used for swinging?
Serratus ventralis
