Thoracolumbar spine Flashcards
Irizarry, vet surg 2022
Evaluation of the IVD, Vertebral body, and spinal cord for changes secondary to percutaneous laser disk ablation
-Which vertebral body changes were seen?
-Which laser was used?
-mild diskitis, changes to end plates. (No disc extrusion, no spinal cord changes)
- Ho:YAG laser
Mariani, vet surg 2021
Accuracy of 3d PSG for implant placement in canine thoracic vertebrae: a cadaveric study
- what was the mean entry point deviation?
- what was the mean angular deviation?
- what was the effect of surgeon?
- what was the rate of cortical violation?
-1.4mm
-5 degrees
-no difference between surgeons
-0% cortical violation
Schmitt, vet surg 2021
CT evaluation of proposed implant corridors in canine thoracic vertebrae
(Study assessed T1-T9)
-at which vertebrae was the corridor was widest?
- what was the average angle for T5-T9?
-T1
-23 to 24 degrees
(study states that a dorsal approach would be feasible for implant placement in T5-9, but challenging for T1-4 to achieve the specified corridors).
Dongaonkar, vet surg 2021
Effect of irrigation technique on vertebral canal temperature during thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy in dogs: an ex vivo study
- what irrigation technique resulted in lower vertebral canal temperature?
intermittent bolus was better than continuous irrigation
Woelfel, vet surg 2021
Outcomes and prognostic factors in 59 paraplegic medium to large breed dogs with extensive epidural haemorrhage secondary to IVDE.
-What percentage of dogs WITH nociception recovered ambulation?
-What percentage of dogs WITHOUT nociception recovered ambulation?
-what was the complication rate?
-77% with nociception
-38% without nociception
-24% complications
Nakamoto, vet surg 2021
Outcomes of dogs with progressive myelomalacia treated with hemilaminectomy or extensive hemilaminectomy and durotomy
-which technique had a higher survival rate?
-which imaging finding was linked to survival?
-hemi and durotomy - 10/10 cases, versus 11/18 hemi alone.
- spinal cord hyperintensity - ratio of SC hyperintensity to L2 body was higher (15.2) in those that didn’t survive compared to those that did (7.2)
Elford, vet surg 2020
Accuracy of placement of pedicle screws in the thoracolumbar spine of dogs with spinal deformities with 3d PSGs.
-What was the rate of cortical violation?
3%
Takahashi vet surg 2020
Effect of durotomy in dogs with thoracolumbar herniation and without deep pain in hindlimbs (116 dogs total)
-what percentage of dogs regained ambulation after durotomy?
57% (versus 38% with hemilaminectomy alone)
Jeffery, vet surg 2020
Extended durotomy to treat severe spinal cord injury after acute TL disc herniation in dogs
-how many disc spaces in length was the durotomy?
-what percentage of dogs recovered to walk unaided?
-4 disc spaces
- 16/26 (62%)
Guevar vet surg 2020
Minimally invasive microsurgical decompression of an intervertebral disc protrusion in a dog
-what approach was used?
-what procedure(s) were performed to facilitate decompression?
-muscle splitting approach
-foraminotomy and lateral corpectomy
Schmeirer, vet surg 2020
Randomised control trial of pregabalin for analgesia after surgical treatment of IVDD in dogs
-what was the main finding?
-what dose of pregabalin?
-4mg/kg pregabalin TID resulted in reduced pain levels compared to opioids alone.
Gilman, VCOT 2023
Thoracolumbar stabilisation with 3d PSG and pre-contoured polyaxial bone plates
- what percentage of screws were graded I according to the modified zdichavinsky classification?
84%
Kristiansen, VCOT 2022
HNPE in dogs: Thoracolumbar compared to cervical cases
- What was the difference in outcome between groups?
- What was the difference in outcome between those treated medically and surgically?
None.
More TL cases underwent surgery - correlated with degree of compression.
Hall, VCOT 2021
Approach to and practice of Disc Fenestration in the management of inter-vertebral disc extrusions in dogs: A questionnaire survey
-How many respondents reportred having had complications?
-What was the most common complication?
45 %
Haemorrhage
Conte VCOT 2021
Thoracic vertebral canal stenosis associated with vertebral arch anomalies in small brachycephalic screw-tail dog breeds
- what was the most common stenotic site in dogs with neurological deficits?
-what was the sensitivity and specificity of a stenotic ratio of 0.56 for differentiating between dogs with and without neurological signs?
-T4-T5
-67%
Marine VCOT 2021
transthoracic vertebral distraction and stabilisation in 10 dogs with congenital thoracic malformations
- what percentage of dogs showed long term neurological improvement
-what percentage of dogs recovered full function?
-90%
70% recovered full function
Upchurch VCOT 2020
Effect of duration and onset of clinical signs on short term outcome of dogs with Hansen type I thoracolumbar IVDE
-What was the effect of duration and onsent of clinical signs on short term outcome?
-What was the main variable associated with outcome
-none
-pre-operative neurological grade
Harris VCOT 2020
Introduction of disc material into the intervertebral canal by fenestration of thoracolumbar discs following decompressive surgery
- what precentage of dogs had new material in the canal post fenestration?
33% (7/21)
Vicens Zanoguera, JSAP 2023
Does surgical timing affect rapidity of recovery in deep pain entire non-amb dogs with thoracolumbar IVDE?
- What factors were associated with delayed recovery?
-neurological grade and duration of surgery (not delay in presentation or delay from presentation to surgery)
Jones JSAP 2022
Surgical techniques used in management of subarachnoid diverticula in dogs across four centres and their immediate outcome
-what was the most common surgical technique?
-which procedure was associated with the highest risk of neurological deterioration and becoming non ambulatory?
-what percentage of dogs with post-op deterioration improved over 5 weeks?
-durectomy
-intra-arachnoid shunt
-7/9 (78%)
Fiorentino JSAP 2021
Clinical, MRI and histologic findings of canine thoracolumbar discal pseudocyst
-what were the presenting signs?
-what were the MRI findings?
acute onset T3L3 myelopathy
oval shaped epidural mass lesion communicating with disc
Kerr JSAP 2021
Late onset recurrence of clinical signs after surgery for IVDE in French Bulldogs
- What percentage of dogs had recurrence of TL/cervical disc?
51 % by 9 months
Mojarradi JSAP 2021
Safety of early post-op hydrotherapy in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemi
-How early did the institute hydrotherapy?
-What complications were encountered?
<5 DAYS
-1/26 (4%) SSI and 1/26 (4%) further extrusion
Fowler, JFMS 2022
Outcome of thoracolumbar surgical feline IVDD
- What was the most common site?
-what % cats had good outcome at discharge
-what % cats had good outcome at 2 week recheck?
- L6-7
-62.5%
-91%
Gillespie JFMS 2020
Thoracic vertebral canal stenosis in cats: clinical features, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment and outcome
-Which breed (and sex) was over represented?
-what were the presenting signs?
-british short hair (and MN)
-chronic, progressive, painful, ambulatory T3-L3 myelopathy
Spence JAVma 2021
Comparison of MRI findings in relation to body weight in dogs with thoracolumbar disease
- What was the incidence of IVDD in dogs <15kg?
- >15kg dogs were how many more times likely to have neoplasia?
- 95%
- neoplasia (11.9 times more likely in >15kg dogs) and FCE (7.4 times more likely)
Guevara vet surg 2024
ex vivo comparison of pin placement with PSGs or free hand technique in canine cadaveric spines
-what percentage of implants were acceptably placed - with guides and freehand?
Guides 64%, free hand 48%
Violini vet surg 2024
Clinical outcomes of 20 brachycephalic dogs with thoracolumbar spinal deformities causing neurological signs treated with spinal stabilization using 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides
-what percentage of dogs were neurologically improved in the short term?
-how many were static?
-what percentage of patients had an abnormal gait at long term follow up?
-10% improved short term
-85% static short term
-70% abnormal gait long-term
M. Nicholas VCOT 2023
Scapular Osteotomy for Lateral Access to a T1-2 Foraminal Disc Extrusion, Treated by Mini-Hemilaminectomy in a dog
- How was the scapular osteotomy stabilised?
- Two 2.4MM locking plates
K. Compagnone VCOT 2023
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion in Dogs: Do Onset of Clinical Signs, Time of Surgery, and Neurological Grade Matter?
-what factors were associated with poor outcome?
-what was the effect of fenestration?
-acute onset, worse neurological grade at presentation
-fenestration faster return to ambulation
T Nash JAVMA 2023
Tube cystostomy is effective for urinary outflow management in dogs with intervertebral disk extrusion and ischemic myelopathy cranial to the L3 spinal cord segment: 61 dogs (2018–2022)
-median duration the cystotomy tube remain in for?
-most common complication?
-rate of minor complications?
-rate of sever complications?
-19 days
-inadvertent removal (11/63)
- minor: 15/63 (24%)
- severe: 6/63 (10%)
Martin JSAP 2020
Same-day surgery may reduce the risk of losing pain perception in dogs with thoracolumbar disc extrusion
- How many dogs are required to have early surgery to prevent one losing deep pain perception overnight?
-14 dogs
Guevar, vet surg 2021
Accuracy and safety of three-dimensionally printed animal-specific drill guides for thoracolumbar vertebral column instrumentation in dogs: Bilateral and unilateral designs
-what was the difference in drill accuracy between bilateral and unilateral design?
-what was the maximum deviation from entry/ exit point?
-what was the maximum angular deviation?
-no difference
-4.7mm
-9.3 degrees (mean 3.5)
Beer, vet surg 2020
Biomechanical comparison of ex vivo lumbar vertebral fracture luxations stabilised with tension band or polymethylmethacrylate in cats
- what was the effect of flexion and extension on range of motion?
-how many times stiffer was screw and pmma than tension band?
-In flexion, no difference.
In extension, greater displacement in tension band (18 degrees) than screw and PMMA (6 degrees)
-screw/pmma two times stiffer than tension band
Bitterli, VCOT 2022
Minimal Invasive Fluoroscopic Percutaneous Lateral Stabilization of Thoracolumbar Spinal Fractures and Luxations Using Unilateral Uniplanar External Skeletal Fixators in Dogs and Cats
- what were the most common complications?
-how many cases showed neurological improvement?
-erythema, pin loosening and exudate.
-12/14