Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Resp Anat > Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

Thoracic Wall Flashcards

1
Q

which ribs are true ribs

A

1-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which ribs are false ribs

A

8-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which ribs are floating ribs

A

11-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the functions of the thoracic cage

A

-Protects the upper abdominal viscera, heart, lungs, thymus, nerves and blood vessels
-Serves for the attachment of muscles involved in respiration
-Movements of pectoral girdle and upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what causes Thoracic inlet syndrome

A

when the subclavian artery and lower trunk of the brachial plexus arch over the first rib, hence they may be stretched and pushed up by the presence of a hypertrophied scalenus anterior muscle or a cervical rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the features of the sternal angle

A

1.Sternal angle can be felt as a transverse ridge on sternum around 5cm below the suprasternal notch

2.Second costal cartilage articulates, on either side with the sternum at this level, hence this level is used for counting the ribs below

  1. Sternal angle lies at the level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5

4.Horizontal plane passing through this level separates superior mediastinum from inferior mediastinum

  1. Ascending aorta ends, arch aorta begins and ends and descending aorta begins at this level
  2. Trachea bifurcates into right and left principle bronchi at this level
  3. Pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries at this level
  4. Azygos vein arches over the root of right lung to open into the superior vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does the sternum develop

A

from a left and right cartilaginous plates that unite in the midline.
The ribs develop from their ossification centers and unite with the sternum in the midline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does the The manubrium and xiphoid process develop

A

usually develop from one ossification centre each, but the sternebral centres are commonly paired either symmetric or asymmetric.
The xiphoid process does not fully join the body of the sternum until adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the anterior attachment of the sternum

A

he sternocostal head of the pectoralis major muscle attaches the sternum, on the lateral sides of its anterior surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the posterior attachment of the sternum

A

The posterior surface of the body gives rise to the transversus thoracis muscle (innervated by intercostal nerves). The lower part of the bone is narrower and articulates with the xiphoid process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the features of the thoracic vertebrae

A

-Presence of articular facets on each side of the body and on front of transverse process for articulation with the ribs

-Upper larger costal facet articulates with the head of numerically corresponding rib and lower costal facet with the rib below

-Body is heart shaped, vertebral foramen is circular

-Spinous process is long, slender and directed downwards

-Pedicle is attached to the upper part of the body, thus making the inferior vertebral notch deeper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what thoracic vertebrae are typical

A

T2-T8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what thoracic vertebrae are atypical

A

T1, T9-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do all the joints from C2 – S1 articulate by

A

-Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis) – between adjacent bodies of vertebrae
-Synovial joints – between their articular processes
-Fibrous joints – between their laminae, transverse process and spinous process
-Interlaminar or Zygapophysial joints – plane variety of synovial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the nerve supply of the joints in the vertebral column

A

branch from dorsal rami of spinal nerve at the level of the joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the ligaments of the vertebral column

A

Ligamentum nuchae
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flava
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Inter-transverse ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the features of typical ribs

A

1-Head:
Presents two articular demi-facets (upper and lower), which are separated by intra-articular crest
The intra-articular crest lies opposite the intervertebral disc
2-Neck:
Lies in front of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra
It shows sharp crest like superior border and rounded inferior border; and anterior & rough posterior surface
3-Tubercle:
It is situated on the outer surface of the rib at the junction of neck and shaft
4-Outer surface is smooth and presents two angles posterior and anterior
Posterior angle (angle of the rib – weak point) is marked by an oblique ridge (5cm in front of tubercle).
Anterior angle is marked by an indistinct oblique line (2cm behind the anterior end)
5-Inner surface –
presents a costal groove near its lower border, which lodges the intercostal vein, artery and nerve (VAN), from above downwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the feature of atypical rib #10

A

Single articular facet on its head, which articulates with the body of corresponding thoracic vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the feature of atypical rib #11

A

It has single large facet on its head for the 11th vertebra
It has no neck or tubercle
Its anterior end is pointed and tipped with cartilage
It has slight angle and shallow costal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the feature of atypical rib #12

A

It has single large facet on its head for the 12th vertebra
It has no neck or tubercle
It has no angle or costal groove
Much shorter than 11 rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the intercostal muscles of the thoracic wall

A

External intercostal muscle
Internal intercostal muscle
Transversus thoracis - Intercostalis intimi
- Subcostalis
- Sternocostalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the external intercostal muscle extend from

A

Extends from the tubercle of the rib behind to the costo-chondral membrane in front, where it is replaced by the anterior intercostal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the external intercostal muscle arise from

A

It arises from the lower border of the rib above, runs downwards forwards and medially in front (posteriorly however the fibres are running downwards and laterally) and inserts to the outer lip of the upper border of rib below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the external intercostal muscle supplied by

A

It is supplied by the intercostal nerve of the same space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the external intercostal muscle’s function

A

it elevates the ribs during inspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the internal intercostal muscle extend from

A

extends from the side of the sternum to the angle of the rib behind, where it is replaced by the posterior intercostal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does the internal intercostal muscle arise from

A

It arises from the floor of the costal groove of the rib above, to run downwards forwards and laterally in front (posteriorly however the fibres are running downwards and medially) and inserts into the inner lip of the upper border of the rib below.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the internal intercostal muscle supplied by

A

by the intercostal nerve of the same space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the function of the internal intercostal muscle

A

it elevates the ribs during expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Transversus thoracis muscle: divided into –

A

Intercostalis intimus
Subcostalis
Sternocostalis

31
Q

from where does the Intercostalis intimus muscle arise

A

Arises from the inner surface of the rib above and inserts to the inner lip of the upper border of the rib below

32
Q

what is the Intercostalis intimus muscle supplied by

A

Supplied by the intercostal nerve of the same space

33
Q

what is the function of Intercostalis intimus muscle

A

it elevates the ribs during expiration

34
Q

what does the Subcostalis arise from

A

Arises from the inner surface of the rib near the angle and inserts on the inner surface of the 2nd or 3rd rib below. Direction of the fibres and nerve supply same as internal intercostal muscle

35
Q

what is the function of the Subcostalis muscle

A

Functionally depressor of the ribs

36
Q

where does the Sternocostalis arise from

A

Arises from the lower one-third of the posterior surface of the body of sternum and posterior surface of the xiphoid process; and posterior surface of the costal cartilages of lower 3 or 4 ribs

37
Q

what is the nerve supply of the Sternocostalis

A

Supplied by the intercostal nerves

38
Q

what is the function of the Sternocostalis muscle

A

functionally draws down the costal cartilages to which it is inserted.

38
Q

what is the function of the Sternocostalis muscle

A

functionally draws down the costal cartilages to which it is inserted.

39
Q

what are typical intercostal nerves

A

(3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th): are those which remain confined to their own intercostal spaces.

40
Q

what are atypical spinal nerves

A

(1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th): extend beyond the thoracic wall and partly or entirely supply the other regions.

41
Q

what are the branches of the intercostal nerve

A

Rami communicantes, muscular branches, collateral branch (supplies intercostal muscles, parietal pleura and periosteum of ribs), lateral and anterior cutaneous branches, 7th – 11th nerves (supply the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, skin and parietal pleura.)
Lateral cutaneous branch of 2nd intercostal nerve is called intercosto-brachial nerve

42
Q

what is the orgin of the intercostal arteries

A
  1. The 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries are the branches of superior intercostal artery—a branch of the costocervical trunk.
  2. The 3rd–11th posterior intercostal arteries arise directly from the descending thoracic aorta
43
Q

what is the development of the anterior intercostal arteries

A

In 1st – 6th spaces they arise from the internal thoracic artery (used to treat coronary heart disease).
In 7th and 9th spaces, they arise from musculophrenic artery.

44
Q

what is the termination of the anterior intercostal arteries

A

-Upper anterior intercostal artery anastomoses with corresponding posterior intercostal artery.
-Lower anterior intercostal artery anastomoses with collateral branch of the corresponding posterior intercostal artery.

45
Q

what are the boundaries of the thoracic outlet

A

Anteriorly: Xiphoid process
Posteriorly: Body of 12th thoracic vertebra.
Laterally (on each side): Costal margin and 11th and 12th ribs.
Outlet is covered by the diaphragm

46
Q

what 3 parts does the diaphragm consist of

A

Sternal part
Costal part
Vertebral part

47
Q

what is the origin of the sternal part of the diaphragm

A

It consists of two fleshy slips, which arise from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process

48
Q

what is the origin of the costal part of the diaphragm

A

On each side, it consists of six fleshy slips, which arise from the inner surface of lower six ribs near their costal cartilages.

49
Q

what is the origin of the vertebral part of the diaphragm

A

This part arises by means of:
a. Right and left crura of diaphragm
b. Five arcuate ligaments:
- Rt. & left Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments
- Median arcuate ligament

50
Q

what does the right crus of the diaphragm originate from

A

Originates from the anterior surface of the body of upper three lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral disc between them

51
Q

what does the left crus of the diaphragm originate from

A

Originates from the anterior surface of the body of upper two lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral disc between them

52
Q

what passes deep to the median arcuate ligament in the diaphragm

A

Aorta

53
Q

what is the fascia covering the upper part of the Psoas major

A

Medial Lumbocostal Arch

54
Q

what is the Medial Lumbocostal Arch continuous with

A

it is continuous with the lateral tendinous margin of the corresponding crus, and is attached to the side of the body of the L1 or L2 vertebra; laterally, it is fixed to the front of the transverse process of the L1 or may be L2.

55
Q

what passes deep to the Medial Lumbocostal Arch

A

Sympathetic trunk

56
Q

what passes deep to the Lateral Lumbocostal Arch

A

Subcostal nerve and vessels

57
Q

what is the Lateral Lumbocostal Arch attached to medially and laterally

A

medially, to the front of the transverse process of the L1 and, laterally, to the tip and lower margin of the twelfth rib.

58
Q

what is the insertion of the diaphragm

A

From circumferential origin, the muscle fibres converge towards the central tendon and insert into its margins.

59
Q

what are the features of the central tendon in the diaphragm

A
  1. It is trifoliate in shape, having (a) an anterior (central) leaflet, and (b and c) two tongue-shaped posterior leaflets.
  2. It is inseparably fused with the fibrous pericardium.
  3. It is located nearer to the sternum than to the vertebral column.
60
Q

what are the Major openings in the diaphragm and structures passing through them

A

-Vena caval opening transmits (T8):
Inferior vena cava
Right phrenic nerve

-Oesophageal opening transmits (T10): opening is present in the right crus of the diaphragm
Oesophagus
Right and left vagal trunks
Oesophageal branches of left gastric artery

-Aortic opening transmits (T12): it is an Osseo-aponeurotic opening
Azygos vein
Thoracic duct
Aorta

61
Q

what are the Minor openings in the diaphragm and structures passing through them

A

Superior epigastric vessels pass through the gap (space of Larry) between the muscular slips arising from xiphoid process and 7th costal cartilage.

Musculophrenic artery passes through the gap between the slips of origin from 7th to 8th ribs.

Lower five intercostal nerves and vessels (i.e., 7th–11th) pass through gaps between the adjoining costal slips.

Subcostal nerves and vessels pass deep to the lateral arcuate ligament.

Sympathetic chain passes deep to the medial arcuate ligament.

Greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves pass by piercing the crus of diaphragm on the corresponding side.

Hemiazygos vein pierces the left crus of the diaphragm

62
Q

what is the Motor and sensory nerve supply of the diaphragm

A

Right and left phrenic nerves – sole motor to the diaphragm and sensory to the central part of the diaphragm

Lower five intercostal and subcostal nerves – sensory to the peripheral part of the diaphragm

63
Q

what is the sympathetic supply of the diaphragm

A

from the coeliac plexus

64
Q

what is the arterial supply of the diaphragm

A
  1. Superior phrenic arteries and Inferior phrenic arteries, from the abdominal aorta.
  2. Pericardiophrenic arteries, from the internal thoracic arteries.
  3. Musculophrenic arteries, the terminal branches of the internal thoracic arteries.
  4. Superior epigastric arteries, the terminal branches of the internal thoracic arteries.
  5. Lower five posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries from the aorta.
    Corresponding veins accompanying the arteries drain into the systemic veins
65
Q

what is the action of the diaphragm

A

The diaphragm is the principal muscle of respiration. When it contracts, it descends and increases the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity

66
Q

what can cause paralysis of the diaphragm

A

Unilateral damage of phrenic nerve leads to unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis

Bilateral damage to of phrenic nerves leads to complete diaphragmatic paralysis and it may cause respiratory failure.

67
Q

how does the diaphragm develop

A

The diaphragm develops in the region of neck from the following four structures
Septum transversum, ventrally.
Pleuroperitoneal membranes at the sides.
Dorsal mesentery of esophagus, dorsally.
Body wall, peripherally.

68
Q

in quite respiration what are the muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostals, diaphragm

69
Q

in quiet respiration what are the muscles of expiration

A

it is passive therefore no muscles

70
Q

in deep respiration what are the muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostals, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, serratus posterior superior, diaphragm and levatores costarum

71
Q

in deep respiration what are the muscles of expiration

A

it is passive therefore no muscles

72
Q

in forced respiration what are the muscles of inspiration

A

levator scapulae
trapezius
rhomboidus
pectoralis
serratus anterior
(all)

73
Q

in forced respiration what are the muscles of expiration

A

quadratus lumborum
internal intercostals
tranverse thoracis
serratus posterior inferior

Resp Anat (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions