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Resp Anat > Nasal cavity > Flashcards

Nasal cavity Flashcards

1
Q

In the external nose, where is the skin thicker?

A

Over the apex and alae it is thicker and more adherent and contains large sebaceous glands

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1
Q

Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands on the skin of the nose can give rise to what?

A

gives rise to a lobulated tumour – the rhinophyma

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2
Q

Where does the bony part of the external nose terminate?

A

In front and below as the piriform aperture

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3
Q

What is the cartilaginous part of the nose formed by?

A

Two lateral cartilages [superior lateral cartilages]
Single median septal cartilage
Two major alar cartilages [inferior lateral cartilages]

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4
Q

Where do the lateral cartilage of the nose articulate?

A

-Above with the frontal process of maxilla and nasal bone
-Below with the major alar cartilages
-Medially with the septal cartilage

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5
Q

What arteries are the external nose supplied by?

A

-Dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery
-Infra-orbital branch of maxillary artery
-Alar and septal branches of facial artery

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6
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply of the external nose?

A

-External/dorsal nasal and infra-trochlear branches of ophthalmic nerve
-Infra-orbital branch of maxillary nerve

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7
Q

What are the muscles of the nose?

A

-Procerus
-Nasalis – consists of two parts:
Transverse part or compressor naris and Alar part or dilator naris
-Depressor septi

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8
Q

How is the nasal cavity divided?

A

Each nasal cavity is divided into two portions:
– the vestibule
– the nasal cavity proper

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

-Anterior or fronto-nasal part
-Intermediate or ethmoidal part
-Posterior or sphenoidal part

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10
Q

How is the hard pallete formed?

A

Anterior three fourths is formed by palatine processes of maxilla
Posterior one-fourth is formed by horizontal processes of palatine bone

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11
Q

What are the bones forming the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal bone
Frontal process of maxilla
Lacrimal bone
Conchae and labyrinth of ethmoid
Inferior nasal concha
Perpendicular plate of palatine
Medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid

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12
Q

What are the cartilages forming the wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Lateral nasal cartilage
Major alar cartilage
3 or 4 tiny cartilages of the ala

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13
Q

What is the main feature of the lateral wall?

A

Conchae and meatuses form the main features of the lateral wall

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14
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct opens in its anterior part

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15
Q

What presents in the middle meatus?

A

bulla ethmoidalis and hiatus semilunaris

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16
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A
  • maxillary air sinus opens into the hiatus below the bulla
  • Anterior ethmoidal air sinus opens into the hiatus in front of the bulla
  • Frontal air sinus opens into the infundibulum through fronto-nasal duct
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17
Q

What is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity lined by?

A

Lined by olfactory epithelium (bipolar olfactory cells, tall columnar supporting cells and basal cells)

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18
Q

What is the respiratory region of thr nasal cavity lined by?

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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19
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

-Antero-superior quadrant – anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries branches of ophthalmic artery
-Antero-inferior quadrant – alar branch of facial and terminal branches of greater palatine arteries
-Postero-superior quadrant – spheno-palatine branch of maxillary artery
-Postero-inferior quadrant – greater palatine branch of maxillary artery

20
Q

What is the venous drainage of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Form a plexus beneath the
mucosa from which the blood drains into:
Infront – to facial vein
Behind – to retro-pharyngeal veins and pterygoid
venous plexus

21
Q

What is the lympathic drainage of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

-From the anterior half of the lateral wall the lymphatics drain into submandibular nodes
-From the posterior half drain into retropharyngeal and upper deep cervical group of lymph nodes

22
Q

What is the arterial supply of the nasal septum?

A

-Antero-superior part – by the anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of ophthalmic artery
-Postero-inferior part – by the sphenopalatine and greater palatine branches of maxillary artery
-Mobile part of the septum – by the septal branches of superior labial of facial artery

23
Q

What is Little’s area?

A

-Is an area in the antero-inferior part of the nasal septum just above the vestibule
-It is highly vascular

24
Q

How is Little’s area formed?

A

The septal branches of anterior ethmoidal, sphenopalatine, greater palatine and superior labial arteries anastomose to form a vascular plexus – Kiesselbach’s plexus or Little’s area

25
Q

What is the area of the common site of epistaxis

A

(nose bleeding) in children and young adults takes place from little’s area

26
Q

What is the venous drainage of the nasal septum?

A

-Antero-superior part – into superior ophthalmic vein
-Postero-inferior part - into pterygoid venous plexus
-From the mobile part of the septum – into internal jugular vein through the facial vein.

27
Q

What is the lympathic drainage of the nasal cavity?

A

From anterior part – into submandibular lymph nodes
From the intermediate and posterior part – into retropharyngeal lymph node

28
Q

An infection in the mobile part of the nasal septum can transfer to where?

A

may extend into cavernous sinus via deep facial vein and pterygoid venous plexus.

29
Q

What is the nerve supply of the respiratory part of the nasal septum?

A

-Antero-superior part – anterior ethmoidal branch of nasociliary of ophthalmic nerve
-Antero-inferior part – anterior superior alveolar branch of maxillary nerve
-Postero-superior part – posterior superior nasal branches of pterygopalatine ganglion
-Postero-inferior part – nasopalatine branch of pterygopalatine ganglion

30
Q

How can runny nose (Excessive rhinorrhea) be controlled?

A

due to vasomotor and allergic rhinitis can be controlled by sectioning the Vidian nerve.

31
Q

What are the paranasal air sinuses and where are they located?

A

Frontal air sinuses – present in the frontal bone
Ethmoidal air sinuses – present in the ethmoid bone
Maxillary air sinuses – present in the maxillae
Sphenoidal air sinus – present in the sphenoid bone

32
Q

How do the air sinuses develop?

A

Air sinuses are present in rudimentary form at birth except the frontal air sinus, which starts developing 2-3 years after birth
The air sinuses exhibit two spurts of growth:
First around at 7-8 years during the eruption of the teeth
Second - at puberty

33
Q

What are the features of the air sinuses?

A

Make the facial bones lighter and establish the adult contour of the face
Add resonance to the voice
Act as air conditioning chamber by adding humidity and temperature to the inspired air

34
Q

How does the frontal air sinus drain?

A

Each drain into anterior part of hiatus semilunaris (infundibulum) of the middle meatus

35
Q

What is the frontal air sinus supplied by?

A

It is supplied by supra-orbital nerves and vessels

36
Q

What are the relations of the frontal sir sinus?

A

Anterior wall – superciliary arch
Posterior wall – meninges and frontal lobe of brain
Inferior wall – roof of nose, roof of orbit, and ethmoidal air cells

37
Q

What happens if the frontal air sinus is infected?

A

Infection may spread posteriorly into the anterior cranial fossa causing frontal lobe abscess or downwards into the orbit leading to orbital cellulitis
The pain of frontal sinusitis is usually severe and localized over the affected sinus (frontal headache)

38
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain?

A

into posterior part of the hiatus semilunaris

39
Q

How does the maxillary sinus develop?

A

First sinus to develop, appears at about 4th month of intrauterine life
Rudimentary at birth, enlarges rapidly during 6-7 years and becomes fully developed at puberty

40
Q

What does the maxillary sinus open into?

A

opens into the hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus

41
Q

What is the maxillary sinus’s blood supply?

A

anterior, middle and posterior superior alveolar vessels of maxillary

42
Q

What is the maxillary sinus’s nerve supply?

A

from anterior, middle and posterior superior alveolar nerves of maxillary nerve and infraorbital nerves

43
Q

Surgically the maxillary air sinus is drained by

A

Antral puncture (antrostomy) by using trocar and canula
Fenestrating the antrum through the gingivo-labial sulcus (Caldwell-Luc operation)

44
Q

How does the ethmoidal sir sinus drain?

A

The anterior and middle ethmoidal air sinuses drain into the middle meatus
The posterior ethmoidal air sinus drains into the superior meatus

45
Q

Whta is the ethmoidal sinus’s blood supply?

A

Blood supply is by anterior and posterior ethmoidal vessels

46
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sir sinus drain?

A

Each drains into sphenoethmoidal recess

47
Q

What is the blood supply of the sphenoidal air sinus?

A

by posterior ethmoidal vessels

48
Q

What is the nerve supply of the sphenoidal air sinus?

A

by posterior ethmoidal nerves

Resp Anat (7 decks)

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