Thoracic cage and vertebra

Question 1

movement of thoracic spine?

Answer 1

superior and inferior facets are vertical and face slightly medially - allow some rotation but no flexion

Question 2

Intervertebral disc has?

Answer 2

outer anulus fibrosis and central nucleous pulposus

Question 3

nucleolus pulposus made up of ?

Answer 3

gelatinous 70-90% water

absorbs compression between vertebrae and has relative collegn content which inc with age

Question 4

anulus fiborsus?

Answer 4

fibrocartilage arranged in lamellar config

attached and kept in place by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Question 5

how is IV disc supplied?

Answer 5

periphery supplied by neighbouring capillaries

centre supplied by diffusion from body of vertebra

Question 6

true ribs

Answer 6

1-7

attach sternum directly through costal cartilae

Question 7

false ribs

Answer 7

8-10

attach sternum indirectly through neighbouring costal cartilage

Question 8

floating ribs

Answer 8

11-12

do not articulate with the sternum

Question 9

what does the costal groove do?

Answer 9

protects the intercostal nerves and vessels

Question 10

rib 1?

Answer 10

groove for subclavian vein
has scalene tubercle for attachent to anterior scalene muscle
groove for subclavian artery (and inferior trunk (C8 and T1) of brachial plexus

single facet for articulation with T! vertebra only

no costal groove

Question 11

rib 2?

Answer 11

tuberosity for serratus anterior

Question 12

ribs 11 and 12

Answer 12

do not articulate with sternum - heads articulate with T11 and T12 respectively
do not articulate with trasnverse processes

Question 13

what level is the sternal angle (of Louis)

Answer 13

T4/5 and 2nd costal cartilage

Question 14

clavicular notch

Answer 14

two on each side of manubrium where clavicles attach

Question 15

jugular notch

Answer 15

also known as suprasternal notch

Question 16

costovertebral joint?

Answer 16

each rub except for 1, 11 and 12 articulates with superior costal facet of its own no vertbra and inferior costal facet of vertebra above

joints are synovial supported by capsule and ligaments

Question 17

costotransverse joint

Answer 17

each tubercle of each rib - except 11 and 12 - articulate with trasverse process of own numbered vertebra

rib 6 - articulates with bodies of T5 and T6, and transverse process of T6, therefore neck lies slightly obliquely

Question 18

which costotransverse joints have curved facets allowing for rotatory movement? why is this important?

Answer 18

costotrasverse joints 1-7 have curved facets allowing rotatory moment whereas joints 8, 9, and 10 have flat facets allowing gliding movement,

this is significant in respiratory movements of the thoracic wall.

Question 19

costochondral / costosternal joints

Answer 19

costochondral - all ribs articulate anterior with costal cartilage via primary cartilaginous (hyaline) joint

costosternal - CC of rib 1-7 articulate with sternum via synovial joints to allow movement
exception is CC1 which is primary cartilaginous joint which makes thoracic inlet more stable

Question 20

which CC are horizontal and which are oblique? why is this important?

Answer 20

CC of 1-4 are horizontal
5-9 are increasingly oblique

this is significant to respiratory mechanisms

Question 21

diameters of rib cage

Answer 21

truncated cone where transverse diameter > sagittal siameter

Question 22

thoracic inlet boundaries?

Answer 22

T1 vertebra
1st rib and its CC
manubrium

Question 23

thoracic inlet slope?

Answer 23

slopes antero-inferiorly (to level of T2/3) from transverse plane

Question 24

what organ passes through the thoracic inlet and to what level?

Answer 24

apex of lung extends 2-3cm above anterior part of 1st rib and clavicle

Question 25

what structures pass in/out the thoracic inlet

Answer 25

(structures that pass between thorax and neck)

-vessels that supply and drain head and neck
-trachea
-esophasgus
vagus and recurrent
- laryngeal
phrenic nerves
- capula - (parietal pleura / cervical pleura)
that extends above lungs into neck

Question 26

thoracic outlet boundaries?

Answer 26

T12 vertebra
11th and 12th ribs
CC of ribs 7-10 (costal margin, costal arch)
closed incompletely by diaphragm

Question 27

openings in diaphragm

Answer 27

T8 - caval opening
IVC and right phrenic nerve

T10 - oesophagel opening
oseophagus
vagal trunks
left gastric vessels

T12 - aortic hiatus
Aorta
azygous vein
thoracic duct

Question 28

what serous membrane is in thorax / abdomen and pelvis?

Answer 28

thorax - lungs chest wall are lines with pleura and heart covered by pericardium

abdomen and pelvis lined by peritoneum

Question 29

parietal vs visceral layers?

Answer 29

parietal outer layer of balloon
visceral layer is inner layer of baloon whicch coats an organ

note that these are continuous with one another

Question 30

whats the mediastinum?

Answer 30

the mediastinum is middle of two pleural sacs

Question 31

boundaries of the mediastinum?

Answer 31

anterior - sternum and CC
posterior - thoracic vertebrae
inferior - diaphragm

Question 32

superior mediastinum?

Answer 32

between inlet and plane between sternal angle and T4/5 behind the manubrium

Question 33

inferior mediastinum

Answer 33

inferior to plane between sternal angle and T4/5 and the thoracic outlet (diaphragm)

Question 34

3 parts of the inferior mediastinum

Answer 34

anterior mediastinum - between sternum and pericardium / heart

middle mediastinum - pericardial sac and heart

posterior medistinum - between the pericardium/heart and the thoracic vertebra