Heart

Question 1

From where does RA receive blood?

Answer 1

superior and inferior vena cavas (IVC)

and the coronary sinus

Question 2

What 2 continuous spaces does RA consist of? What separates them?

Answer 2

Sinus of the vena cava
the right auricle

The boundary between them is known as the crista terminalis (rough anterior wall)

Question 3

What causes the roughness of the anterior surface of the right atrium?

Answer 3

Mm. pectinati

also known as the pecinate muscles

Question 4

what do the pectinate muscles do?

Answer 4

the pectinate muscles provide some power of contraction without significantly thickening the cardiac wall

Question 5

the posterior surface of the RA is?

Answer 5

smooth
vessels drain into this part
it has the fossa ovalis

Question 6

Where is the fossa ovalis and what does it do?

Answer 6

The fossa ovalis is on the right side of the Interarterial septum

the site of the foramen ovale in the foetus

its margin in the limbus fossae ovalis

Question 7

Opening of SVC in heart at what level?

Answer 7

right 3rd costal cartilage

Question 8

Features of SVC?

Answer 8

no valve 
intervenous tubercle (above fossa ovalis) directs the blood?

Question 9

opening of the IVC?

Answer 9

has a valve (embryology)

Question 10

opening of the coronary sinus?

Answer 10

has a valve to prevent the regurgitation of blood back out into the coronary veins

Question 11

Where does Rv sit?

Answer 11

on central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 12

how thick is the RV?

Answer 12

it is 3-4mm

Question 13

whats the infundibulum of the heart?

Answer 13

conus arteriosis

pouch formed from upper and left angle of the right ventricle from which the pulmonary trunk arises

Question 14

what does the infundibulum arise from? what is it?

Answer 14

the bulbus cordis of the embryo

also known as the conus arteriosus

it is the outflow tract (pulmonary trunk)of the RV and has smooth muscle to reduce resistance of outflow

Question 15

what do walls of the RV have?

Answer 15

numerous muscular, irregular structures known as

trabecula carnea

Question 16

Morphologically there are 3 types of muscles on the walls of the RV…?

Answer 16

Trabecula carnea
Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) - ONLY IN RV
Papillary muscles

Question 17

what is the septomarginal trabeculae?

Answer 17

moderator band

bridge between IV septum and anterior papillary muscle

Question 18

where is septomarginal trabeculae

Answer 18

Only in the Right ventricle.

attaches interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle

Question 19

what is the function of the septomarginal trabeculae?

Answer 19

carries the right bundle branch of the AV bundle of the cardiac conduction system

Question 20

How many papillary muscles in RV?

Answer 20

3

Question 21

what do papillary muscles do?

Answer 21

fibrous chords called Chorda tendinea run between the papillary muscles and the edges of the tricuspid valve cusps - they do this to prevent the evertion of cusps and regurgitation of blood into the atria during systole

Question 22

Tricuspid valve

Answer 22

Right AV orifice
has 3 cusps (anterior, posterior and septal)
base of each cusp attaches to fibrous ring (anulus fibrosis) and blood flows forward and medially though

Question 23

pulmonary valve

Answer 23

3 semilunar cusps - anterior right and left

each cusp forms a pulmonary sinus which helps the closure of the pulmonary valves after systole

Question 24

what border of the heart does the left atrium form?

Answer 24

the base of the heart

Question 25

what does left atrium consist of?

Answer 25

left atrium and left auricle

Question 26

whats the falx septi?

Answer 26

this is a depressed area on the interventricular septum of the LA which is caused by the fusion of the foramen ovale

Question 27

pressure in LV

Answer 27

70-120mmhg

Question 28

wall thickness in LV

Answer 28

thickest wall 8-12mm

Question 29

the apex of the heart belongs to?

Answer 29

the left ventricle

Question 30

blood flow in the left ventricle

Answer 30

anterior towards apex

Question 31

whats the outflow tract of the LV

Answer 31

the aortic vestibule

Question 32

ridges in LV wall known as?

Answer 32

trabecula carnea

Question 33

mitral valve?

Answer 33

bicuspid valve on left atrium/ventricle. has 2 cusps - anterior and posterior which attach to left fibrous ring (anulus fibrosis) chodra tendinea attached to free margins

Question 34

Aortic valve

Answer 34

3 semilunar cusps - right left and posterior between superior surface of cusps and aortic wall are aortic sinuses

Question 35

what originates from the aortic sinuses

Answer 35

the left and right coronary arteries originate from the left and right aortic sinuses

Question 36

where do the left and right coronary arteries originate from

Answer 36

the left and right aortic sinuses in the aortic valve

Question 37

fibrous skeleton of the heart

Answer 37

heart has structural support formed by fibrous rings with connecting areas

Question 38

how many fibrous rings does the heart have and where are they?

Answer 38

the heart has 4 - around Aortic valve, aortic orifices and the pulmonary trunk

Question 39

what are the function of the 4 fibrous rings (anulosus fibrosis)?

Answer 39

points of attachment for cusps insertion for atrial and ventricular muscles insulates atria from ventricles independent atrial and ventricular contraction

Question 40

what is the only conduction between the 4 anulosis fibrosis rings?

Answer 40

atrioventricular bundle of His should be the only conduction between them (arrhythmias)

Question 41

endocardium

Answer 41

thin layer of endothelium lines inner surface of walls and valves - recieves o2 and nutrients directly from chambers of heart

Question 42

myocardium

Answer 42

atrial musculature, ventricular musculature, muscles arranged in spiral and circular bundles and orginate and insert on fibrous skeleton

Question 43

epicardium

Answer 43

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 44

layers of the pericardium from organ outwards

Answer 44

visceral (layer of serous) pericardial cavity parietal layer (of serous) fibrous pericardium

Question 45

layers of cardiac wall

Answer 45

inner - endocardium with the trabeculae carneae, then myocardium which is the muscle, then the pericardium

Question 46

where do coronary blood vessels lie in relation to the pericardium

Answer 46

coronary blood vessels lie between pericardium and myocardium (between coating and the muscle)

Question 47

superior right corner of heart

Answer 47

3rd CC 2cm right of midline

Question 48

inferior right corner of heart (apex)

Answer 48

6th CC 2cm right of midline

Question 49

Left inferior corner of heart

Answer 49

5th CC 7-9cm left of midline

Question 50

left superior corner of the heart

Answer 50

2nd costal cartilage 3 cm left of midline

Question 51

tricuspid valve?

Answer 51

behind right half of the sternum at level of 4th intercostal space

Question 52

mitral valve surface?

Answer 52

posterior to articulation between left 4th CC and sternum

Question 53

aortic valve sounds

Answer 53

2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

Question 54

pulmonary valve soudns

Answer 54

2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin

Question 55

mitral valve sounds

Answer 55

blood flow anterior and inferior towards apex so posterior to articulation between left 4th CC and sternum heart apex (5th intercostal space) in line with middle of clavicle

Question 56

tricuspid valve sounds

Answer 56

blood flow anterior and medially (towards left) so.. if valve is behind right half of the sternum at level of 4th intercostal space sound heard at right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space

Question 57

pulmonary blood flow

Answer 57

up and left

Question 58

tricuspid blood flow

Answer 58

left

Question 59

mitral blood flow

Answer 59

anterior and down towards apex

Question 60

aortic blood flow

Answer 60

up and right