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EVOLVE modules > Thorac > Flashcards

Thorac Flashcards

1
Q

What binds the ribs to the sternum?

A

The costal cartilage binds the ribs to the sternum to support anterior thorax

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2
Q

What bony thorax articulation occurs between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra?

A

Costotransverse joint

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3
Q

Superior thoracic aperture is also called?

A

Thoracic inlet

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4
Q

In the right lung, the middle and inferior lobes are separated by the _________???

A

Oblique fissure

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5
Q

What supplies air to segments of each lobe of the lungs?

A

Tertiary bronchi

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6
Q

In the right lung the superior and middle lobes are separated by the______??

A

Horizontal fissure

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7
Q

The lateral pocket formed by the pleura at the junction of the ribs and diaphragm is termed the ________???

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

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8
Q

The outer layer of the pleura is called?

A

Parietal layer

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9
Q

The anterior pocket formed by the pleura at the junction of the mediastinum and costal cartilage is termed???

A

Costomediastinal recess

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10
Q

The right primary bronchus decides into how many secondary branches??

A

3

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11
Q

Inner layer of the pleura??

A

Visceral

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12
Q

What are the fissures of the lungs lined by??

A

Visceral pleura

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13
Q

Which portions of the tracheobrochial tree enter each lobe of the lung?

A

Secondary bronchi

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14
Q

State the borders of the superior compartment of the mediastinum:

A 
Anteriorly = sternum 
Posteriorly = thoracic vertebrae
Superiorly = superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)
Inferiority = plane between T4-T5 disk and sternal angle
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15
Q

Which compartment of the mediastinum does the thalamus gland sit?

A

The superior portion

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16
Q

What is the inferior compartment of the mediastinum divided into?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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17
Q

Boundaries of anterior mediastinum?

A

Posterior to sternum
Anterior to pericardium
Between sternal angle and the diaphragm

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18
Q

Boundaries of the middle mediastinum?

A

Between anterior and posterior compartments
Upper: sternal angle
Lower: diaphragm

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19
Q

Boundaries of posterior mediastinum?

A

Posterior to pericardium
Anterior to spinal cord
Inferior to T4
Superior to diaphragm

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20
Q

What does the trachea lie anterior to?

A

The esophagus throughout its entire length

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21
Q

Which section of the mediastinum is the upper esophagus in?

A

Superior mediastinum

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22
Q

Which section of the mediastinum is the primary bronchi?

A

Inferior middle

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23
Q

Which section of the mediastinum is the sub sternal thyroid gland?

A

Inferior anterior

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24
Q

Which section of the mediastinum is the lower thymus gland?

A

Inferior anterior

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25
Q

Which of the following 3 are located in the posterior portion of the inferior compartment of the mediastinum?

1) azygos vein
2) thoracic duct
3) thyroid gland

A

Azygos vein and thoracic duct

Thyroid gland is higher up and in the superior portion

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26
Q

What even is the thoracic duct?

A

It is the main vessel of the lymphatic system

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27
Q

How does the thoracic duct pass into the thoracic cavity?

A

Through the aortic hiatus(anatomical term for an opening)

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28
Q

What part of the body does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Everything below the diaphragm and the whole left side of the body ABOVE the diaphragm

29
Q

What drains the upper right side of the body then??

A

Right lymphatic duct

30
Q

Where do the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct empty into?

A

Thoracic duct = empties into left subclavian vein

Right lymphatic duct = empties into right subclavian vein

31
Q

How many regions are the thoracic lymph nodes grouped into? And for what purpose?

A

14 regions

For purpose of staging cancer

32
Q

When is stage N3 assigned?

A

When cancer spreads to the nodes between between the lobes and/or segments of the lungs

33
Q

When is N2 assigned?

A

If the cancer spreads to the nodes in the superior and inferior mediastinum or near the aorta

34
Q

At the level of T10 describe where the thoracic duct would be:

A

Anterior to the vertebral body, inbetween aorta(left) and azygos vein

35
Q

Where are lymph nodes generally found clustered around?

A

Esophagus
Bronchi
Great vessels

36
Q

How is the heart protected?

A

Heart and proximal portion of the great vessels are protected by a double walled sac, the PERICARDIUM

37
Q

2 walls of the pericardium? And where they are attached

A

Fibrous attached to diaphragm

Serous surrounds heart, 2 layers(parietal and visceral) with serous fluid for lubrication of tissues during heart motion

38
Q

Layers of the heart wall:

A

Endocardium = thin inner layer

Myocardium = thickest, muscular middle layer

Epicardium = thin outer layer, in contact with the pericardium(visceral)

39
Q

Describe the right atrium:

A
  • Receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cavae
  • Pumps blood through right atrioventricular (AV), or tricuspid, valve into right ventricle
40
Q

Describe the right ventricle

A
  • Receives blood from right atria

- Pumps blood though pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary artery

41
Q

Describe the left atrium:

A
  • Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

- Pumps blood through left AV, or mitral, valve into left ventricle

42
Q

Describe left ventricle

A
  • Receives blood from the left atria

- Pumps blood through aorta semilunar valve into aorta

43
Q

Function of AV valves?

A

Prevent back flow of blood during contraction

44
Q

How are AV valves connected to heart? And where are they?

A

Connect atrium and ventricle

Connected to heart wall via papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

45
Q

How cusps does each AV valve have and what are they also called?

A

Right AV = 3 cusps = tricuspid

left AV = 2 cusps = mitral

46
Q

What is the function and location of the semilunar (SL) valves?

A
  • Prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles during relaxation
  • Between the ventricles and the vessels
47
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves and their location?

A 
RIGHT = Pulmonary – between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
LEFT = Aortic – between left ventricle and aorta

..Name reflects crescent shape of cusps

48
Q

Name the great vessels of the heart:

A 
Aorta
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
49
Q

What does the brachiocephalic artery give rise to?

A

the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries at about the level of the right sternoclavicular joint.

50
Q

What are the branches that come of the aortic arch?

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk: right common carotid artery + right subclavian
  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery
51
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

first branches off of the aorta at the base or root

They supply the heart muscle

52
Q

Describe the azygos venous system:

A

The azygos vein runs along the right side of the vertebral column, its counterpart, the hemiazygos vein, passes along the left side. Between T7 and T9, the hemiazygos crosses midline posterior to the aorta to join the azygos vein. The azygos vein empties into the posterior SVC at the hilum of the right lung.

53
Q

What areas of the body does the azygos venous system drain?

A

These two veins drain the posterior thoracic wall, pericardium, esophagus, and bronchi.

54
Q

Layers of intercostal muscles and their direction:

A

External - direction of putting ur hand in ur pocket
Internal - directly perpendicular to external
Innermost - same direction as inner

55
Q

General function of external and internal muscles:

A 
External = INspiration, elevate ribs
Internal = Expiration, move ribs inferiorly ..assisted by innermost
56
Q

Where is the serratus muscle

A

Serratus posterior superior = assist in forced inspiration
Attaches C7 -T2

Serratus posterior inferior = assist in forced expiration
Attaches T11 - L2

57
Q

What is the primary muscle of respiration?

A

The diaphragm, separating the thoracic and abdominal cavity

58
Q

Describe movement of the diaphragm during breathing:

A

During inspiration the diaphragm moves downward, allowing lungs to expand
During expiration the diaphragm moves superiorly as lungs shrink

59
Q

Hiatuses of the diaphragm:

A
  • aortic hiatus: descending aorta, azygos vein, thoracic duct
  • caval hiatus: allows passage of inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve
  • esophageal hiatus: allows passage of the esophagus and vagus nerve
60
Q

What is the tough outer covering of the heart that is attached to the diaphragm?

A

Fibrous pericardium

61
Q

what is the layer of the heart wall that is in contact with the pericardium?

A

Epicardium

62
Q

Which great vessel drains the head, neck and upper limbs?

A

Superior vena cava

63
Q

What vein provides collateral circulation for the thorax?

A

Azygos vein

64
Q

What is the main vein of the heart?

A

Coronary sinus

65
Q

How does the pec major assist with respiration?

A

Helps expand the thoracic cavity for deep inspiration

66
Q

Where does the diaphragm originate?

A

Central tendon

67
Q

Which opening in the diaphragm allows the passage of the vagus nerve and esophagus?

A

The esophageal hiatus

68
Q

What are breasts composed of?

A
  • Subcutaneous layer = skin + fat
  • mammary = glandular, excretory ducts(extend from lobes to nipple)
  • retromammary = muscles + deep connective
69
Q

Which tissue layer of the breast are the suspensory (coopers) ligaments part of?

EVOLVE modules (2 decks)

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