Third partial Flashcards
Which are the two types of alleles?
Dominant & recessive
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that masks the expression of the recessive allele when they are together
When does a recessive allele express itself?
When it is paired with another recessive allele
What is the name of part #1?
Chromatid
What is a genome?
The genetic material of an organism
What does a genome include?
The genes & the non-coding sequences of the DNA / RNA
What does Gregor Mendel’s law of segregation establish?
Each individual has two factors of each trait; these factors segregate during formation of gametes
What does Gregor Mendel’s law of independent assortment establish?
Each pair of factors separates independently; all possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes
What type of cell division do prokaryotic cells use?
Binary fission
What type of cell division do eukaryotic cells use?
Mitosis
What type of cell division do gametes use?
Meiosis
When does a cell stop entering the cell cycle?
When it becomes a specialized cell
What are the three stages of the cell cycle?
- Interphase
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
Which are the stages of the interphase?
- G1: before DNA synthesis (growth)
- S: DNA synthesis (replication)
- G2: after DNA replication (growth)
What is mitosis?
The division of the nucleus
Which are the different stages of mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What happens during the prophase?
DNA is packed in chromosomes, and spindles begin to form
What happens during the metaphase?
Chromosomes allign in the center of the cell
What happens during the anaphase?
Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart
What happens during the telophase?
Spindles disappear, and two nucleus are formed
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm
What is the end product of mitosis?
Two dipoloid cells (46 chromosomes each)
What happens during Prophase I?
Homologous chromosomes pair; crossing over (exchanging pieces between chromosomes)
What happens during metaphase I?
Chromosomes allign
What happens in anaphase I?
Chromosomes are pulled apart
What happens during telophase I?
Nucleus are formed
What is the result of Meiosis I?
Two haploid cells
What is a unique charachteristic of Meiosis II?
It skips the interphase
What occurs in prophase II?
There is no crossing over
What happens in anaphase II?
It divides in two, to have 23 chromosomes each
What is the end result of meiosis II?
Two haploid cells (23 chromosomes)
What is the end product of meiosis?
4 haploid cells
What is apoptosis?
When the cell knows something is wrong with itself. It then autodestructs
If the checkpoints during apoptosis are not effective, what happens?
Mutated cells are formed
What happens with mutated cells?
They reproduce, and then form tumors, which form cancer
What is the main goal of DNA replication?
For DNA to get copied (replicated)
What is the main goal of DNA transcription?
DNA is transcribed into RNA
What is the main goal of translation?
RNA is translated into amino acids
