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Second partial Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Stores the genetic information of the cell

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2
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Break down macromolecules using digestive enzymes

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3
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

Converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell

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4
Q

What does the ribosome do?

A

Works with mRNA to synthesize proteins

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5
Q

What is the Smooth ER?

A

The site of lypid synthesis

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6
Q

What is the plant cell wall?

A

The strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils

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7
Q

What does the central vacuole do?

A

Regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds

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8
Q

What does the chloroplast do?

A

Makes food by converting light energy into chemical energy

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9
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

A

Modifies and packages proteins

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10
Q

Which organelle serves as a protein manufacturing facility?

A

Rough ER

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11
Q

Which organelle provides structural support and provides tracks for moving organelles?

A

Cytoskeleton

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12
Q

What are centrioles in animal cells made out of?

A

Microtubes

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13
Q

Some eukaryotic cells have a ———- or a short —– that move.

A

Flagellum or short cilia

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14
Q

In facilitated diffusion, molecules use a ————- to move across the plasma membrane

A

transport protein

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15
Q

What is the fluid mosaic made out of?

A

Lipids

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16
Q

What are some of the functions of a membrane?

A

Isolate cell contents, regulate exchanges, create attachments, regulate chemical reactions

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17
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that disolves

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18
Q

What is a solution?

A

Where solute and solvent meet

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19
Q

What is the gradient?

A

The flow of solute

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20
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Where solutes are less

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21
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Where there is the same quantity of a solute and a solvent

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22
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

There is more solute than solvent

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23
Q

What is the main characteristic of passive transport?

A

No energy is required

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24
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion, osmosis & facilitated diffusion

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25
Q

Simple diffusion is mainly used for…?

A

Gases

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26
Q

Osmosis is used for…?

A

Water

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27
Q

Facilitated diffusion is used for…?

A

Specific molecules

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28
Q

What is the main characteristic of active transport?

A

It requires energy

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29
Q

Active transport is very selective in…?

A

What goes in & out

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30
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O —-light energy—> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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31
Q

What is the function of photosynthesis?

A

To convert solar energy into chemical energy of a carbohydrate

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32
Q

What do plants produce?

A

Oxygen & glucose

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33
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Species that make their own food

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34
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Species that require food from other producers

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35
Q

The first step of photosynthesis, the LIGHT REACTION, occurs where?

A

In the tylakoids

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36
Q

What happens during the light reaction process?

A

Light energy is converted into chemical energy

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37
Q

The second step of photosynthesis, the CALVIN CYCLE, occurs where?

A

In the stroma

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38
Q

Chlorophyll’s pigments reflect which color?

A

Green

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39
Q

Which colors are absorbed by chlorophylls?

A

Violet, blue, red & orange

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40
Q

What is the starting molecule in the light reactions?

A

H2O

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41
Q

Which molecules are produced during the light reactions?

A

O2, ATP & NADPH

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42
Q

Which are the starting molecules in the Calvin Cycle?

A

ATP, NADPH & CO2

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43
Q

Which molecules are produced in the Calvin Cycle?

A

ADP, NADP+ & Phosphate

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44
Q

Plants have a stomata, what does this do?

A

It opens & closes depending on the temperature. If it is hot, it won’t let water evaporate & vise-versa

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45
Q

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

46
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytoplasm

47
Q

What happens during the glycolysis?

A

Glucose is broken down into NADH, Pyruvic Acid & ATP

48
Q

What is the second step of cellular respiration?

A

Acetulation

49
Q

Where does acetulation occur?

A

In the mitochondria

50
Q

What happens during the acetulation?

A

The pyruvates are broken down and carbon dioxide is released

51
Q

What is the third step of cellular respiration?

A

The Krebs Cycle

52
Q

Where does the Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondria

53
Q

What occurs during the Krebs Cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA is transformed into NDH & FADH

54
Q

What is the final step of cellular respiration?

A

Electron transport

55
Q

What are the starting molecules for electron transport?

A

Hydrogen & ATP

56
Q

What comes out from electron transport?

A

H2O

57
Q

What happens during the electron transport?

A

Hydrogen is released & ATP is created

58
Q

What does cellular respiration do?

A

Creates energy by taking in oxygen

59
Q

What is the main function of fermentation?

A

To create energy when there is no oxygen available

60
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

Alcoholic fermentation & lactate fermentation

61
Q

What happens during alcoholic fermentation?

A

The pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to ethanol

62
Q

What are some products that use alcoholic fermentation?

A

Bread, beer & wine

63
Q

What does lactate fermentation do?

A

It makes ATP quickly but not for long

64
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work

65
Q

Which are the two types of energy?

A

Potential & kinetic

66
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy or energy of position (gravitational)

67
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of motion

68
Q

What do thermodynamics say?

A

-Energy cannot be created or destroyed-Energy tends to spread out, disperse, until no part of a system holds more than another part

69
Q

What happens during a chemical reaction?

A

One or more reactants become one or more products

70
Q

What are reactants?

A

Molecules that enter the reaction and become changed by it

71
Q

What are products?

A

Molecules produced by a reaction

72
Q

In energy-requiring reactions, cells store energy where?

A

In the chemical bonds of organic compounds

73
Q

In energy-releasing reactions, cells do what?

A

They retrieve energy stored in the chemical bonds of organic compounds

74
Q

What is exergonic?

A

Energy is released

75
Q

What is endergonic?

A

Energy is absorbed

76
Q

How do cells store and retrieve energy?

A

By making and breaking chemical bonds

77
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts, meaning they speed up reactions

78
Q

Each enzyme recognizes specific what?

A

Reactants or substrates

79
Q

What are some characteristics of an active site?

A

They are complementary in shape, size, polarity and charge with the enzyme’s substrates

80
Q

What does the active site do?

A

It squeezes substrates together, influences their charge, or causes some other change that lowers activation energy

81
Q

After the product leaves a reaction, what occurs with the enzyme?

A

Nothing; it is unchanged and the enzyme can work again

82
Q

What do enzymes need?

A

A specific pH, temperature, and salt concentration

83
Q

There are two pathways for enzymes, which?

A

Linear & metabolic

84
Q

What do cofactors/coenzymes do?

A

They help enzymes by providing the energy required so they can act

85
Q

What do DNA molecules and their associated proteins form?

A

Chromosomes

86
Q

A strand of DNA is what?

A

A polymer of nucleotides

87
Q

Which four types of nucleotides make up DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine & Guanine

88
Q

What is DNA formed out of?

A

Two nucleic acid strands (double helix)

89
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does a human have?

A

23

90
Q

What is the name of the process by which a cell copies its DNA?

A

Replication

91
Q

Before DNA replication, a chromosome consists of what?

A

One double helix

92
Q

What happens at the beginning of replication (unwinding)?

A

Enzymes break the hydrogen bonds that hold the double helix together, so the two DNA strands unwind and separate

93
Q

During the attachment, primers serve as what?

A

Attachment points for DNA polymerases

94
Q

What occurs during the assembling?

A

DNA polymerase moves along a strand of DNA, it uses the sequence of bases as a template to assemble a new strand of DNA from nucleotides

95
Q

What occurs in the sealing?

A

The enzyme DNA ligase seals any gaps, so the new DNA strands are continuous

96
Q

What is a gene?

A

A DNA sequence that encodes an RNA or protein product

97
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The process of transcription and translation; the multistep process in which information encoded in a gene guides the assembly of an RNA or protein product

98
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

Enzymes use the gene’s DNA sequence to express themselves

99
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

A strand of DNA acts as a template, a nucleotide can be added to a growing strand of RNA only if it is complementary, each nucleotide provides the energy of its own attachment to the end of a growing strand

100
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

In the nucleus

101
Q

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

In the cytoplasm

102
Q

Many codons form an…?

A

Amino acid

103
Q

Many amino acids form…?

A

Proteins

104
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Messenger (MRNA), Transfer (TRNA) & Ribosomal (rRNA)

105
Q

What is the rRNA?

A

It is the main component of ribosomes, which assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains

106
Q

What does the TRNA do?

A

It delivers the amino acids to the ribosomes

107
Q

MRNA works as the messenger between what?

A

DNA & protein

108
Q

What is the first signal in an MRNA to start translation?

A

AUG

109
Q

AUG is codon for what?

A

Methionine

110
Q

What does a stop codon mark?

A

The end of a protein-coding sequence in a MRNA

Life Science (3 decks)

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