Thinking like an Expert Flashcards
identification
determination of phyiscial-chemical composition (elicit drugs)
classification
determination of class, type (hair fibres, blood type, DNA)
individualization
determination of unique identity of source (fingerprints, handwriting)
association
determination of contact between two objects (through transfer of fibres , glass)
reconstruction
determination of facts of the case: nature and place of events in time and space (murder, explosion)
error
an act assertion or belief that unintentionally deviates from what is correct, right or true/ the condition of having incorrect or false knwowledge / the act or an instance of deviating from an accepted code of behaviour / mistake
Daubert criteria, trial judges might consider the following factors to assess the admis- sibility of scientific or technical expert testimony
(i) whether the theory or technique in question can be (and has been) scientifically tested, (ii) whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication, (iii) its known or potential error rate, (iv) the existence and maintenance of standards controlling its operation, and (v) whether it has attracted widespread acceptance within a relevant scientific community
practitioner error
may refer to blunders such as transposing numbers when recording data, incorrect instrument use, selection of inappropriate methods, or improper method application. But when intentional, it is fraudulent.
instrumentale error
can be defined as the dif- ference between an indicated instrument value and the actual (true) value. Instruments should be calibrated against a standard (i.e., a certified reference material), but even when properly cali- brated, they typically have a prescribed, acceptable amount of error which has been determined by the instrument’s manufac- turer.
statistical error
the deviation between actual and predicted values, generally estimated by the standard error or other measure of uncertainty in prediction, for example when a prediction inter- val with an explicit probability is specified
method (or technique) erro
relates to inherent limita- tions that have nothing to do with practitioner error or breakdowns in technology. Method error is often a function of how measurements or traits overlap among different groups or to the frequency of the observed trait(s) in the population at large
signal detection theory
to accurately perceive things around us, we need to be apple to distinguish critical signals from background noise
dual processing theory
two major decision making modes system 1(intuitive atuocamtic and fast) and system 2 (analytical deliberate, slower, costly and effortful
dysrationalia
lacking command over oneself, or the state of acting against one’s better judgment
recognition-primed decision model
It starts with the assump- tion that experts possess a large repertoire of stored situation prototypes. These prototypes con- tain the type of situation, what to expect from the situation, suitable goals, typical courses of ac- tion, and relevant cues (i.e., information that has a predictive power for decision-relevant out- comes). If a situation is recognized as an instantiation of a prototype, it typically leads directly and without deliberation to action because the situation prototype is linked to a course of action that the expert already knows will work.
consensus
domain experts agree with eachother
consistency
repeated judmgents about the same cases
trial bifurcation
to eliminate hind- sight bias by eliminating the hindsight perspective in general and providing judges with the foresight perspective only when making their decision?
principle of uniqueness
nature never repeats itself (impossible to prove)
principle of individualization
every trace can be releted to a unique source.
consistency
is the fact that the expert will make the same kind of verdict on a different similar case.
concensus
is that two different experts will have the same verdict on the same case
deliberate practice
A well-defined task with immediate feedback, opportunities for repetition, and the ability to exploit errors in order to improve.
gold standard
an agreed -upon measure used in place of the valid criterion. Some gold standards do not have much error and are relatively well -defined.
