eyewitness testimony Flashcards
social communication approach
which focuses on cooperative prag- matic principles involved in the explicit and implicit communication that takes place when one person asks a question of another person in a particular social context.
metacognitive approach
This approach shares the emphasis of the social-communicative approach on strategic behavior guided by personal and social goals, while at the same time attempting to specify the monitoring and control processes that underlie strategic memory performance, and integrate these pro- cesses into memory theory
grain control model
emphasizes the aim of correctness over the aim of informativeness, incorpo- rating the goal of correctness by way of an explicit confidence criterion, whereas the goal of informativeness is handled in a more indirect manner
satisficing model
the respondent strives to provide as much information as possible, as long as its subjective probability of being correct satisfies some reasonable minimum level.
relative expected utility maximizing model
In this model, respondents calculate the subjective expected utility of candidate answers at various grain sizes (taking into account both the subjective value of a correct or incorrect answer, and the subjective probability that the answer is correct or incorrect), compare these values, and ultimately choose the answer whose sub- jective expected utility is maximal.
dual criterion model
respondents provide the most precise candidate answer that passes both the confidence criterion and the informativeness criterion.
strategic memory regulation framework
witnesses can elect to maximise either the informativeness or the accuracy of their account if they have the freedom to regulate their memory reporting
a distrotion
a majro change in the details of an existing element
commission error
the introduction of an entirely novel element
ommission errors
information people tend to leave out when reconstructing an event
cognitive interview
is a well-established protocol for interviewing wit- nesses. . It is a method that comprises a series of memory retrieval and communication techniques designed to increase the amount of information that can be obtained from an interviewee. he CI engages the witness in a detailed retrieval of the original event.
enhanced cognitive interview
that included a framework for building rapport and communicating effectively with the witness. Throughout the interview process, the interviewer is discouraged from interrupting the witness, and is instructed to allow the witness to control the flow of information and to listen actively to what the witness has to say. This witness-centered interview procedure is a major characteristic of the enhanced CI. The next phase of the interview involves context reinstatement followed by the interviewee’s free narrative account of the incident. The inter- viewer reminds them at this point of the importance of providing a detailed account (report everything) and requests that they do not guess or fabricate, but simply tell the interviewer if they don’t know.
study space concept
relies on the identification of elements and sub-elements of studies that assess a particular topic.
modified cognitive interview
has modified the CI so that it is suitable for use with young children (4 to 9 year olds). which follows the ECI procedure of building rapport establishing ground rules and transferring control, the change perspective instruction is removed.
environmental support hypothesis
which predicts that older adults rely more on and can make more effective use of, external support at the time of remembering due to a depletion of cognitive resources that are needed to initiate their own retrieval strategies
discrepancy detection principle
proposes that suggestibiity is reduced when the discrepancy between the original memory and misinformation si detected. Research supporting this principle has observed that forewarning individuals that they may encounter misleading PEI increases the detection of misinformation items and resistance to its influence
associative network models of memory
the act of retrieval can increase the activation level of items of information in memory as well as the associations between them, thus strengthening their representation in memory and enhancing the degree to which they are bound with one another to form an integrated episodic trace Thus, an initial recall attempt can strengthen episodic memory. An initial act of retrieval can also facilitate later recollection. In other words, retrieving an item from memory also increases the likelihood that it will be recalled again subsequently whereby the act of retrieval enhances the subsequent recall of information.
collaborative inhibition
the group output contains fewer items if it is compared to the combined recall of participants in the indi- vidual condition.
error pruning
By jointly recalling and receiving feedback, group members have the opportunity to correct each other’s recall errors
transactive memory
entails that groups of two or more individuals should be able to remember more about an event than the sum of its members, provided that they use a shared system for encoding, storing and retrieving information (
cross-cuing hypothesis
People typically expect that talking to another person about an event that they experienced together, will trigger new memories. In cognitive psychology,
memory conformity
When people discuss their memories, those memories start to look more alike
freezing effect
once a witness has told her or his version of what happened, that witness is likely to “stick with” that account in the future.
self-administered interview
ased on the cognitive interview, the SAI is an interview booklet that provides ample retrieval support by featuring several memory-enhancing components. It is a standardized yet generic re- call tool that can be used for different types of crimes. Before writing down their recollections, witnesses first mentally re- instate the context.
free recall after incident
the written FR form simply instructs participants to report all details they can remember about the sequence of actions and events, and about all persons involved, including the perpetrator(s) and potential other witnesses.
social comparison theory
the individual witness also relies on a number of other impor- tant social cues to assess and evaluate their co-witness
false memory
remembering details or events that were not experienced
grain control process guided by 2 countervailing aims:
to be informative and to be correct
dual criterium model
undder moderate to high levels of satisficing knowledge, a grain size can be found that jointly satisfies both criteria. confidence and informativeness. under low levels of unsatisficing knowledge, the 2 criteria conflict. one cannot be satisfied without violating the other.
factors influencing granularity of respondents (Ackerman)
operation of memory (encoding, retrieval & reconstruction) & social communication approach (cooperative pragmatic principles involved in communication) & metacognitive approach
metacognitive apporach: emphasis on social-communicative approach on strategic behaviour guided by personal and social goals and
and attempting to specify monitoring and control processes that underlie strategic memory performance and integrate them to memory theory
satisficing model for control of grain size (goldsmith in Ackerman)
Considers correctness and informativeness considerations. respondent strives to provide as much info as possible, if the subjective probability of being correct satisfies some reasonable minimum level
minimum-confidence criterion
to depend on the relative incentives for correctness and informativeness in answering a certain question in a certain situation (higher criterion when correctness is emphasized)
Relative expected utility maximizing model
Respondents calculate the subjective expected utility of candidate answers at various grain sizes (take both subjective value of in/correct answer and subjective probability of in/correct answer and compare these values to find the maximal subjective expected utility)
simple satisficing model (supporterd by experimetns)
since chosing the grain size was not solely guided by the desire to be informative or correct but also by the subjective probability of being in/correct
problems with the simple satisficing model:
- model deviates from real-life control of grian size
- doesnt consider communication norms when selecting grain size
