Thinking, Language And Intelligence (7-8)

Question 1

affective forecasting

Answer 1

The tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future.

Question 2

analogical representations

Answer 2

Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent.

Question 3

anchoring

Answer 3

The tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind.

Question 4

aphasia

Answer 4

A language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension and production.

Question 5

availability heuristic

Answer 5

Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind.

Question 6

cognition

Answer 6

The mental activity that includes thinking and the understandings that result from thinking.

Question 7

concept

Answer 7

A category, or class, of related items consisting of mental representations of those items.

Question 8

crystallized intelligence

Answer 8

Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge acquired through experience and the ability to use that knowledge.

Question 9

decision making

Answer 9

A cognitive process that results in the selection of a course of action or belief from several options.

Question 10

deep structure

Answer 10

In language, the implicit meanings of sentences.

Question 11

emotional intelligence (EI)

Answer 11

A form of social intelligence that emphasizes managing, recognizing, and understanding emotions and using them to guide appropriate thought and action.

Question 12

exemplar model

Answer 12

A way of thinking about concepts: All members of a category are examples (exemplars); together they form the concept and determine category membership.

Question 13

fluid intelligence

Answer 13

Intelligence that reflects the ability to process information, understand relationships, and think logically, particularly in novel or complex circumstances.

Question 14

framing

Answer 14

In decision making, an emphasis on the potential losses or potential gains from at least one alternative.

Question 15

functional fixedness

Answer 15

In problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects.

Question 16

general intelligence

Answer 16

The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence.

Question 17

heuristics

Answer 17

Shortcuts (rules of thumb or informal guidelines) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions.

Question 18

insight

Answer 18

The sudden realization of a solution to a problem.

Question 19

intelligence

Answer 19

The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges.

Question 20

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 20

An index of intelligence computed by dividing a child’s estimated mental age by the child’s chronological age, then multiplying this number by 100.

Question 21

language

Answer 21

A system of communication using sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules.

Question 22

linguistic relativity theory

Answer 22

The claim that language determines thought.

Question 23

mental age

Answer 23

An assessment of a child’s intellectual standing compared with that of same-age peers; determined by comparing the child’s test score with the average score for children of each chronological age.

Question 24

mental sets

Answer 24

Problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.

Question 25

morphemes

Answer 25

The smallest language units that have meaning, including suffixes and prefixes.

Question 26

phonemes

Answer 26

The basic sounds of speech, the building blocks of language.

Question 27

phonics

Answer 27

A method of teaching reading in English that focuses on the association between letters and their phonemes.

Question 28

problem solving

Answer 28

Finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal.

Question 29

prototype model

Answer 29

A way of thinking about concepts: Within each category, there is a best example—a prototype—for that category.

Question 30

representativeness heuristic

Answer 30

Placing a person or an object in a category if that person or object is similar to one’s prototype for that category.

Question 31

restructuring

Answer 31

A new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution.

Question 32

script

Answer 32

A schema that directs behavior over time within a situation.

Question 33

stereotypes

Answer 33

Cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups.

Question 34

surface structure

Answer 34

In language, the sound and order of words.

Question 35

symbolic representations

Answer 35

Abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas.

Question 36

telegraphic speech

Answer 36

The way toddlers speak, using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax and convey a wealth of meaning.

Question 37

thinking

Answer 37

The mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world.

Question 38

Wernicke’s area

Answer 38

An area of the left hemisphere where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, involved in speech comprehension.