Thinking, Language And Intelligence (7-8) Flashcards
affective forecasting
The tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future.
analogical representations
Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent.
anchoring
The tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind.
aphasia
A language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension and production.
availability heuristic
Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind.
cognition
The mental activity that includes thinking and the understandings that result from thinking.
concept
A category, or class, of related items consisting of mental representations of those items.
crystallized intelligence
Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge acquired through experience and the ability to use that knowledge.
decision making
A cognitive process that results in the selection of a course of action or belief from several options.
deep structure
In language, the implicit meanings of sentences.
emotional intelligence (EI)
A form of social intelligence that emphasizes managing, recognizing, and understanding emotions and using them to guide appropriate thought and action.
exemplar model
A way of thinking about concepts: All members of a category are examples (exemplars); together they form the concept and determine category membership.
fluid intelligence
Intelligence that reflects the ability to process information, understand relationships, and think logically, particularly in novel or complex circumstances.
framing
In decision making, an emphasis on the potential losses or potential gains from at least one alternative.
functional fixedness
In problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects.
general intelligence
The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence.
heuristics
Shortcuts (rules of thumb or informal guidelines) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions.
insight
The sudden realization of a solution to a problem.
intelligence
The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
An index of intelligence computed by dividing a child’s estimated mental age by the child’s chronological age, then multiplying this number by 100.
language
A system of communication using sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules.
linguistic relativity theory
The claim that language determines thought.
mental age
An assessment of a child’s intellectual standing compared with that of same-age peers; determined by comparing the child’s test score with the average score for children of each chronological age.
mental sets
Problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.
morphemes
The smallest language units that have meaning, including suffixes and prefixes.
phonemes
The basic sounds of speech, the building blocks of language.
phonics
A method of teaching reading in English that focuses on the association between letters and their phonemes.
problem solving
Finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal.
prototype model
A way of thinking about concepts: Within each category, there is a best example—a prototype—for that category.
representativeness heuristic
Placing a person or an object in a category if that person or object is similar to one’s prototype for that category.
restructuring
A new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution.
script
A schema that directs behavior over time within a situation.
stereotypes
Cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups.
surface structure
In language, the sound and order of words.
symbolic representations
Abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas.
telegraphic speech
The way toddlers speak, using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax and convey a wealth of meaning.
thinking
The mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world.
Wernicke’s area
An area of the left hemisphere where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, involved in speech comprehension.
