Thinking (and Language)

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 2

Cognitive Psychologists

Answer 2

Study concept formation, problem solving, decision making, judgement formations

Question 3

Concepts

Answer 3

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
(Allow us to group things into categories and organize in systematic ways)
(Allow us to identify without constantly relearning)

Question 4

Natural concepts

Answer 4

Mental representations of objects and events drawn from our direct experiences
(Are usually prototypes)

Question 5

Prototypes

Answer 5

A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category

Question 6

Artificial concepts

Answer 6

Concepts defined by rules; precise and well defined ideas, like word definitions or math formulas

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

The tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory experience

Question 8

Fixated

Answer 8

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Question 9

Mental set

Answer 9

The tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often in a way that has been successful in the past

Question 10

Functional fixedness

Answer 10

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Question 11

Trial and error

Answer 11

Randomly trying various solutions

Question 12

Algorithm

Answer 12

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 13

Heuristic

Answer 13

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
(A shortcut in thinking)

Question 14

The availability heuristic

Answer 14

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
(Translation: Judgements based on how easy it is for us to bring specific examples to mind)

Question 15

The representativeness heuristic

Answer 15

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes, may lead us to ignore other relevant information
(Translation: We focus on the similarity of one object to another to infer that the second object acts like the first)

Question 16

Convergent thinking

Answer 16

A mode of critical thinking in which a person attempts to find a single, correct answer to a problem

Question 17

Divergent thinking

Answer 17

A mode of critical thinking in which a person generates many unique, creative responses to a single question or problem

Question 18

Intellegence

Answer 18

The mental capacity to acquire knowledge, reason, and solve problems effectively

Question 19

Intelligence tests

Answer 19

A method for assessment of individuals mental aptitudes, comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
(Predictors of some data that attempts to see how people will perform in situations that require intelligence)

Question 20

IQ or

Intelligence quotient

Answer 20

Computed by dividing mental age (MA), as measured by an intelligence test, by chronological age (CA) and multiplying by 100

Question 21

Standardization

Answer 21

Intelligence tests administered and scored under uniform conditions

Question 22

Objectivity

Answer 22

Intelligence tests with little or no ambiguity in the correctness of an answer in terms of scoring

Question 23

Norms

Answer 23

Intelligence tests that find the average after piloting the test on a diverse group of subjects

Question 24

Reliability

Answer 24

The extent to which a test yields consistent scores

Question 25

Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligence

Answer 25

Tests multiple intelligences

Verbal, logical, musical, spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic