Thinking Flashcards
- Explain with specifics how all 36 atp are produced including the stage glycoclysis and the process oxidative phosphorylation
Cellular respiration has the goal of trapping as much free energy released in the process as possible in the form of ATP. ATP may be formed by substrate phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is a mechanism that forms atp indirectly through a series of redox reaction involving oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Glycolosis occurs in the cytoplasm. It produces two three carbon pyruvate molecules from six carbon glucose molecule. Glycolysis produces two atp and two nadh pyruvate oxidation occurs in the mitochondria , the cdo2 portion is cleaved from pyruvate and removed from the cell as waste. The remaining carbon acetyl group attaches to the co enzyme A to produce acetyl coa. Two nadh and two co2 are formed. Krebs cycle begins when acetyl coa reacts with oxaloacetate to produce citrate . one atp molecule is produced by substrate level phosphorylation one fadh2 and three nadh are produced. The electron transport chain associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane transports electrons through a series of redox reactions that release free energy used to pump protons into the mitochondrial intermembrane space , creating a electrochemical gradient that is a source of free energy. This produces 32 ATP with a total of 36.
Glycolysis - 2 ATP through substrate phosphorylation; 2 NADH 2 FADH
Pyruvate Oxidation - 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle - 2 ATP through substrate phosphorylation; 6 NADH; 2 FADH
ETC - 4 FADH = 8 ATP ; 8 NADH = 24 ATP
TOTAL : 8 ATP + 24 ATP + 4 ATP = 26 ATP
. Explain the operation of the __ operon referring to the diagram provided
The trp operon is repressed when high levels of tryptophan are present. The effector is the level of tryptophan. When tryptophan levels are high, an amino acid binds to the trp repressor protein, which alters its shape. The trp repressor-tryptophan complex can now bind to the trp operator. When the level of tryptophan decreases, the shape of the trp repressor protein changes because of the lack of the tryptophan corepressor. The trp repressor can no longer stay bound to the trp operator and it falls off. The RNA polymerase is free to transcribe the trp operon genes, resulting in an increase in tryptophan production.
The LacI protein is a repressor protein that blocks the transcription of the gene by binding to the lactose operator and getting in the way of the RNA polymerase. When the promoter and operator regions overlap, the protein binds to the operator which covers part of the promoter. If no lactose is present, the lac operon genes are not transcribed and translated. The level of lactose is an effector that controls the activity of a specific set of genes. If lactose is present, it binds to the LacI protein which changes the shape of the protein. The change results in the inability of the lactose and LacI to stay bound to the operator region of the lac operon. The “complex” falls off the DNA and RNA polymerase proceeds to transcribe the lac operon.
- explain the role of each structure shown in the urine formation indicating specifically the transport mechanisms involved for each of the consitutents typically found in the filtrate ( water , na , cl , glucose , amino acids , urea, and uric acid)
Explain nerve propagation along the axon of a myelinated neuron including the movement of ions and the voltage gated ion channels
Neurons that are myelinated have exposed areas on their axons called nodes of Ranvier. There are enough sodium channels in these areas to depolarize the membrane and elicit an action potential. A nerve impulse consists of a series of action potentials. Conduction of a nerve impulse along a myelinated neuron is called saltatory conduction because action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next. Saltatory conduction travels very fast at 120 m/s.
Using the bond energies provided, calculate how much _______ energy is required to __________. You will have to start with a balanced chemical equation. [5]
Cellular Respiration Balanced Chemical Equation:
Reactants:
Glucose:
__ [C-C] × ___ = ____
__ [C-H] × ___ = ____
__ [C-O] × ___ = ____
__ [O-H] × ___ = ____
TOTAL GLU = _______
Oxygen:
__ [O-O] × ___ = ____
TOTAL REACTANTS
= __________ kJ/mol
Products:
Water:
__ [O-H] × ___ = ____
Carbon Dioxide:
__ [C-O] × ___ = ____
TOTAL PRODUCTS:
= __________ kJ/mol
Photosynthesis Balanced Chemical Equation:
Reactants:
Water:
__ [O-O] × ___ = ____
Carbon Dioxide:
__ [C-O] × ___ = ____
TOTAL REACTANTS
= __________ kJ/mol
Products:
Glucose:
__ [C-C] × ___ = ____
__ [C-H] × ___ = ____
__ [C-O] × ___ = ____
__ [O-H] × ___ = ____
TOTAL GLU = _______
Oxygen:
__ [O-O] × ___ = ____
TOTAL PRODUCTS
= __________ kJ/mol
