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12u Biology exam multiple choice and diagrams > Matching > Flashcards

Matching Flashcards

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1
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • neurotransmitter released from vesicles in the end plates of neurons, which makes the postsynaptic membranes more permeable to Na+ ions
  • cause action potentials by opening sodium channels
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2
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • mineralocorticoid
  • produced by the adrenal cortex
  • targets the kidney
  • stimulates the kidneys to increase the absorption of sodium in the blood (which raises blood pressure)
  • controlled by the hypothalamus
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3
Q

Atp synthase

A

=enzyme that catalyzes the formation of atp from the phosphorylation of adp with inorganic phosphate using a form of energy.

  • chemiosmosis
  • a complex that protons move through during chemiosmosis
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4
Q

B pleated sheet

A

polypeptide secondary structures that form between parallel stretches of a polypeptide and are stabilized by hydrogen bonds

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5
Q

Bond energy

A

the minimum energy required to break on mole of bonds between two species of atoms : a measure of the stability of a chemical bond

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6
Q

Calcitonin

A

hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers calcium levels in the blood

  • produced by the thyroid gland
  • targets bone cells
  • promotes uptake of calcium by the bones
  • controlled by a negative feedback system
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7
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

= a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

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8
Q

Condensation reaction

A

a reaction that creates a covalent bond between two interacting subunits linking them to each other.

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

projections of cytoplasm that carry impulses toward the cell body

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10
Q

Dna polymerase I

A

an enzyme that removes rna primers and replaces them with the appropriate deoxyribonuleotides during DNA replication

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11
Q

Dna polermerase III

A

the enzyme responsible for synthesizing complementary strands of DNA during DNA replication

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12
Q

Entropy

A

a measure of the randomness or disorder in a collection of objects or energy ; symbolised by S

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13
Q

Free energy

A

energy that can do useful work

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14
Q

Glial cells

A

non conducting cells important for structural support and metabolism of the nerve cells

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15
Q

Gyrase

A

bacterial enzyme that relieves the tension produced by unwinding of DNA during replication

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16
Q

Helicase

A

the enzyme that unwinds double helical dna by disrupting hydrogen bonds

17
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a catabolic reaction in which water molecule is used break a covalent bond holding subunits together

18
Q

insulin

A

produced by pancreas - beta cells (islets of Langerhans)
- targets the liver cells
- lowers blood glucose levels and promotes the formation of glycogen in the
liver
- controlled by a negative feedback system (occurs when blood glucose is high;
after meals)

19
Q

Isomerization

A

process in which one isomer is formed from another when a molecule is rearranged

20
Q

Lagging strand

A

a new strand of DNA that is synthesized in short fragments which are later joined together

21
Q

Leading strand

A

a new strand of dna that is synthesized continuously during dna replication

22
Q

Ligase

A

enzyme that joins dna fragments together by catalyzing the formation of a bond between the 3’ hydroxyl group and a 5’ phosphate group on the sugar phosphate backbones

23
Q

Light reactions

A

the first set of reactions of photosynthesis which light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecule , powers chemiosomotic atp synthesis and results in the reduction of NADP “ TO NADPH

24
Q

London dispersion forces

A
  • weakest, and exist between all atoms and molecules
  • constitute the only intermolecular forces of attraction between noble gas
    atoms and between nonpolar molecules
  • formed by the temporary unequal distribution of electrons as they randomly
    move about the nuclei of atoms
25
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all anabolic and catabolic processes in a cell or organism

26
Q

Motor neurons

A

neurons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors; also known as efferent neurons

27
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulated covering over the axon of a nerve cell

28
Q

NAD and FAD

A
  • energy-harvesting reactions that will eventually transfer most of their free energy to ATP molecules
  • act as mobile energy carriers within the cell, moving free energy from one place to another and from one molecule to another
29
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication

30
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

salt or ester of oxalacetic acid

- molecule used and produced in the Krebs cycle (reactant and product - cyclical)

31
Q

Photorespiration

A

oxidation of RuBP by rubisco and oxygen in light to form glycolate , which subsequently releases carbon dioxide

32
Q

Primase

A

enzyme involved in replication of dna , creates RNA primer

33
Q

Progesterone

A
  • produced by the ovaries
  • targets the uterus
  • promotes growth of the uterine lining and prevents uterine muscle contractions
  • controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary complex; LSH & LH
  • negative feedback system
34
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

inner membrane of mitochondria , process is a source of acetyl – COA
a one-step process occurring in the mitochondrial matrix

35
Q

RNA PRIMER

A

a sequence of 10-60 RNA bases that is annealed to a region of single stranded DNA for the purpose of initiating DNA replication

36
Q

Single strand binding proteins

A

a protein that keeps separated strands of dna apart

37
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

mechanism forming ATP directly in an enzyme catalyzed reaction

38
Q

Transition state

A

in a chemical reaction , temporary condition in which the bonds within reactants are breaking and bond between products are forming

39
Q

Van der waals forces

A

intermolecular forces of attraction including London , dipole and hydrogen

12u Biology exam multiple choice and diagrams (7 decks)

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