Matching Flashcards
Acetylcholine
- neurotransmitter released from vesicles in the end plates of neurons, which makes the postsynaptic membranes more permeable to Na+ ions
- cause action potentials by opening sodium channels
Aldosterone
- mineralocorticoid
- produced by the adrenal cortex
- targets the kidney
- stimulates the kidneys to increase the absorption of sodium in the blood (which raises blood pressure)
- controlled by the hypothalamus
Atp synthase
=enzyme that catalyzes the formation of atp from the phosphorylation of adp with inorganic phosphate using a form of energy.
- chemiosmosis
- a complex that protons move through during chemiosmosis
B pleated sheet
polypeptide secondary structures that form between parallel stretches of a polypeptide and are stabilized by hydrogen bonds
Bond energy
the minimum energy required to break on mole of bonds between two species of atoms : a measure of the stability of a chemical bond
Calcitonin
hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers calcium levels in the blood
- produced by the thyroid gland
- targets bone cells
- promotes uptake of calcium by the bones
- controlled by a negative feedback system
Chemiosmosis
= a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme
Condensation reaction
a reaction that creates a covalent bond between two interacting subunits linking them to each other.
Dendrites
projections of cytoplasm that carry impulses toward the cell body
Dna polymerase I
an enzyme that removes rna primers and replaces them with the appropriate deoxyribonuleotides during DNA replication
Dna polermerase III
the enzyme responsible for synthesizing complementary strands of DNA during DNA replication
Entropy
a measure of the randomness or disorder in a collection of objects or energy ; symbolised by S
Free energy
energy that can do useful work
Glial cells
non conducting cells important for structural support and metabolism of the nerve cells
Gyrase
bacterial enzyme that relieves the tension produced by unwinding of DNA during replication
Helicase
the enzyme that unwinds double helical dna by disrupting hydrogen bonds
Hydrolysis
a catabolic reaction in which water molecule is used break a covalent bond holding subunits together
insulin
produced by pancreas - beta cells (islets of Langerhans)
- targets the liver cells
- lowers blood glucose levels and promotes the formation of glycogen in the
liver
- controlled by a negative feedback system (occurs when blood glucose is high;
after meals)
Isomerization
process in which one isomer is formed from another when a molecule is rearranged
Lagging strand
a new strand of DNA that is synthesized in short fragments which are later joined together
Leading strand
a new strand of dna that is synthesized continuously during dna replication
Ligase
enzyme that joins dna fragments together by catalyzing the formation of a bond between the 3’ hydroxyl group and a 5’ phosphate group on the sugar phosphate backbones
Light reactions
the first set of reactions of photosynthesis which light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecule , powers chemiosomotic atp synthesis and results in the reduction of NADP “ TO NADPH
London dispersion forces
- weakest, and exist between all atoms and molecules
- constitute the only intermolecular forces of attraction between noble gas
atoms and between nonpolar molecules - formed by the temporary unequal distribution of electrons as they randomly
move about the nuclei of atoms
Metabolism
the sum of all anabolic and catabolic processes in a cell or organism
Motor neurons
neurons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors; also known as efferent neurons
Myelin sheath
insulated covering over the axon of a nerve cell
NAD and FAD
- energy-harvesting reactions that will eventually transfer most of their free energy to ATP molecules
- act as mobile energy carriers within the cell, moving free energy from one place to another and from one molecule to another
Okazaki fragment
short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication
Oxaloacetate
salt or ester of oxalacetic acid
- molecule used and produced in the Krebs cycle (reactant and product - cyclical)
Photorespiration
oxidation of RuBP by rubisco and oxygen in light to form glycolate , which subsequently releases carbon dioxide
Primase
enzyme involved in replication of dna , creates RNA primer
Progesterone
- produced by the ovaries
- targets the uterus
- promotes growth of the uterine lining and prevents uterine muscle contractions
- controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary complex; LSH & LH
- negative feedback system
Pyruvate oxidation
inner membrane of mitochondria , process is a source of acetyl – COA
a one-step process occurring in the mitochondrial matrix
RNA PRIMER
a sequence of 10-60 RNA bases that is annealed to a region of single stranded DNA for the purpose of initiating DNA replication
Single strand binding proteins
a protein that keeps separated strands of dna apart
Substrate level phosphorylation
mechanism forming ATP directly in an enzyme catalyzed reaction
Transition state
in a chemical reaction , temporary condition in which the bonds within reactants are breaking and bond between products are forming
Van der waals forces
intermolecular forces of attraction including London , dipole and hydrogen
