THINKING Flashcards by Aerish Sison

is a cognitive process that involves mental activity, such as reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, and imagining.

THINKING

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It encompasses various mental operations, including perception, memory, attention, and language processing, and plays a central role in human cognition and behavior.

THINKING

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KEY ASPECTS OF THINKING

REASONING
PROBLEM SOLVING
DECISION MAKING
CRITICAL THINKING
CREATIVE THINKING
METACOGNITION
CONCEPTUAL THINKING
LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT

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involves the ability to draw logical conclusions based on evidence, facts, or premises.

REASONING

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2 types of reasoning

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING

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drawing specific conclusions from general principles)

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

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drawing general conclusions from specific observations)

INDUCTIVE REASONING

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allows individuals to make sense of information, evaluate arguments, and solve problems

REASONING

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is the process of finding solutions to difficult or challenging situations.

PROBLEM SOLVING

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It involves identifying goals, analyzing the problem, generating alternative strategies, and evaluating and implementing solutions.

PROBLEM SOLVING

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requires cognitive flexibility, creativity, and persistence in finding effective solutions.

PROBLEM SOLVING

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involves choosing between alternative courses of action based on preferences, values, and goals.

DECISION MAKING

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is influenced by cognitive biases, emotions, and heuristics.

DECISION MAKING

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It requires weighing the pros and cons of different options, assessing risks and uncertainties, and making choices that optimize outcomes.

DECISION MAKING

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is the ability to evaluate and analyze information objectively and rationally, questioning assumptions, and examining evidence.

CRITICAL THINKING

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It involves skills such as logical reasoning, evidence-based thinking, skepticism, and open-mindedness.

CRITICAL THINKING

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enables individuals to make informed judgments and avoid fallacious reasoning.

CRITICAL THINKING

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involves generating novel ideas, insights, and solutions that are original and valuable. It requires the ability to think divergently, make unusual connections between concepts, and explore multiple perspectives.

CREATIVE THINKING

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is essential for innovation, problem-solving, and artistic expression.

CREATIVE THINKING

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refers to thinking about one’s own thinking processes, including awareness of one’s knowledge, abilities, and cognitive strategies. It involves monitoring and regulating cognitive processes, such as planning, monitoring progress, and evaluating outcomes. This skills are important for self-directed learning and problem solving.

METACOGNITION

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involves abstract reasoning and the ability to understand and manipulate abstract concepts and relationships. It allows individuals to generalize across different situations, categorize information, and form mental representations of complex ideas. Conceptual thinking underlies higher-order cognitive processes such as problem-solving and creativity

CONCEPTUAL THINKING

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plays a crucial role in thinking by providing a medium for representing and communicating thoughts, ideas, and concepts. It influences how individuals structure and organize their thoughts, shaping cognitive processes such as memory, perception, and reasoning. Conversely, thinking also influences this use, affecting vocabulary choice, sentence structure, and discourse organization.

LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT

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are fundamental aspects of human cognition that play key roles in decision-making, problem-solving, and critical thinking.

RATIONALITY AND REASONING

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refers to the ability to think and act in a logical, coherent, and goal directed manner. It involves making decisions and choices that are consistent with one’s goals, preferences, and values, given the available information and resources.

RATIONALITY

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Normative rationality refers to the ideal standard of rational decision-making based on logical reasoning and maximizing expected utility.

NORMATIVE RATIONALITY

refers to how individuals actually think and behave in real-world situations, which may deviate from normative standards due to cognitive biases, emotions, and bounded rationality.

DESCRIPTIVE RATIONALITY

rationality refers to making decisions that maximize utility or achieve desired outcomes

INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY

rationality refers to beliefs and judgments that are justified, coherent, and aligned with available evidence and reasoning.

EPISTEMIC RATIONALITY

is the cognitive process of drawing conclusions or making inferences based on evidence, premises, or logical principles. It involves using logical rules, heuristics, and mental models to evaluate arguments, solve problems, and reach conclusions.

REASONING

Drawing specific conclusions from general principles or premises. This reasoning follows the rules of logic and guarantees the truth of conclusions if the premises are true.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Drawing general conclusions from specific observations or evidence. Inductive reasoning involves generalizing from specific cases to make probabilistic predictions or hypotheses.

INDUCTIVE REASONING

Inferring the best explanation or hypothesis to account for observed phenomena. This reasoning involves making educated guesses or hypotheses based on available evidence and background knowledge.

ABDUCTIVE REASONING

involves the ability to evaluate and analyze arguments, evidence, and claims in a logical and systematic manner. It requires applying reasoning skills to assess the validity, coherence, and relevance of information and to make informed judgments or decisions.

CRITICAL THINKING

essential for effective decision-making, problem-solving, and critical thinking in everyday life, professional contexts, and academic pursuits.

RATIONALITY AND REASONING

KEY COMPONENTS OF PROBLEM SOLVING

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM ANALYSIS SOLUTION GENERATION EVALUATION AND DECISION MAKING IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

The first step in problem-solving is recognizing and defining the problem or challenge. This involves understanding the nature of the problem, its underlying causes, and its implications for achieving goals.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Once the problem is identified, it is important to analyze and break down the problem into its component parts. This may involve gathering information, identifying relevant factors, and understanding the relationships between different elements of the problem.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS

After analyzing the problem, individuals generate potential solutions or strategies to address it. This may involve brainstorming, creativity techniques, or applying problem-solving heuristics to generate alternative approaches.

SOLUTION GENERATION

Once alternative solutions are generated, they are evaluated based on criteria such as feasibility, effectiveness, efficiency, and ethical considerations. Individuals weigh the pros and cons of each option and select the best course of action.

EVALUATION AND DECISION MAKING

After selecting a solution, it is implemented and put into action. Individuals monitor the implementation process to ensure that the solution is effective and makes any necessary adjustments or modifications as needed

IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

TYPES OF PROBLEMS

Well-defined problem Ill-defined Routine problems Non-routine problems

problems have clear goals, constraints, and solution paths. Examples include mathematical problems, puzzles, and certain engineering problems.

WELL-DEFINED PROBLEMS

problems have unclear goals, multiple possible solutions, and no clear solution path. Examples include complex social issues, open-ended questions, and real-world decision-making problems.

ILL-DEFINED PROBLEMS

roblems have familiar solutions and well established problem-solving procedures

ROUTINE PROBLEMS

problems require novel solutions and creative problem-solving approaches.

NON ROUTINE PROBLEMS

STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

ALGORITHMIC APPROACHES HEURISTIC APPROACHES CREATIVITY TECHNIQUES

involve following a step-by-step procedure or algorithm to solve a problem systematically. It guarantee a solution if followed correctly but may be time-consuming or impractical for complex problems.

ALGORITHMIC APPROACHES

This approach involve using rules of thumb, mental shortcuts, or problem-solving strategies to generate solutions more efficiently. While it can speed up problem-solving, they may lead to suboptimal solutions or biases.

HEURISTIC APPROACHES

involve methods for generating novel ideas and solutions to problems. Examples include brainstorming, mind mapping, analogical reasoning, and lateral thinking.

CREATIVITY TECHNIQUES

Factors Influencing Problem-Solving

COGNITIVE FACTORS EMOTIONAL FACTORS SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Factor that influences problem solving such as Individual differences in cognitive abilities, such as intelligence, creativity, and domain-specific knowledge, influence problem-solving performance.

COGNITIVE FACTORS

Factors that influence problem solving such as motivation, perseverance, frustration, and anxiety can affect problem-solving effectiveness and decision-making.

EMOTIONAL FACTORS

Factors that influences problem solving such as social support, collaboration, feedback, and environmental factors such as time pressure, resources, and constraints can impact problem solving outcomes.

SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

highly valued by employers and are often considered a key competency for success in the workplace.

Problem solving abilities

is the ability to generate novel and valuable ideas, solutions, or products that are original, meaningful, and useful. It involves thinking outside the box, making unconventional connections, and approaching problems from new perspectives. It is not limited to artistic endeavors but is also essential in various domains, including science, business, technology, and everyday life.

CREATIVITY

KEY ASPECTS OF CREATIVITY

NOVELTY VALUE FLEXIBILITY ORIGINALITY PROBLEM SOLVING DOMAIN SPECIFIC VS. DOMAIN GENERAL CREATIVITY COGNITIVE PROCESSES ENHANCING CREATIVITY

Creativity involves producing ideas, concepts, or solutions that are original and unique. This can manifest in different forms, such as new combinations of existing ideas, unconventional approaches to problems, or entirely innovative concepts. Creative individuals are adept at generating fresh perspectives and pushing the boundaries of conventional thinking.

NOVELTY

Creativity goes beyond mere novelty and involves producing ideas or solutions that are valuable, meaningful, or useful in some way. Creative products or outcomes have the potential to enrich people's lives, address unmet needs, solve problems, or inspire others. This can be subjective and may vary depending on the context and audience.

VALUE

Creativity is characterized by cognitive flexibility, which refers to the ability to adapt thinking patterns, shift perspectives, and explore diverse possibilities. Creative individuals are open to new experiences, perspectives, and ideas, and are willing to experiment, take risks, and challenge existing norms or conventions.

FLEXIBILITY

is a key component of creativity and involves producing ideas or creations that are distinct from existing ones. Creative individuals often strive to express their unique voice, perspective, or style, rather than imitating or conforming to established standards. This can manifest in various forms, including original artworks, innovative technologies, or groundbreaking discoveries.

ORIGINALITY

Creativity is closely linked to problem-solving, as it involves generating novel solutions to complex problems or challenges. Creative problem-solving often requires thinking outside the box, exploring unconventional approaches, and combining disparate ideas or concepts to find innovative solutions. Creative problem-solvers are adept at reframing problems, overcoming obstacles, and embracing ambiguity.

PROBLEM SOLVING

Creativity that it is specific to a particular field or domain (e.g., music, science, engineering). This creativity involves expertise, domain-specific knowledge, and specialized skills relevant to a particular discipline.

DOMAIN-SPECIFIC CREATIVITY

Creativity that transcends specific domains and involves skills and abilities that are applicable across different contexts (e.g., divergent thinking, lateral thinking, associative thinking).

DOMAIN-GENERAL CREATIVITY

Creativity involves various cognitive processes, including associative thinking, divergent thinking, convergent thinking, analogical reasoning, and insight. These processes enable individuals to generate, evaluate, and refine ideas, explore alternative possibilities, and make connections between seemingly unrelated concepts .

COGNITIVE PROCESSES

This can be cultivated and enhanced through various strategies and practices, including exposure to diverse experiences and perspectives, fostering a supportive and collaborative environment, encouraging risk-taking and experimentation, providing opportunities for exploration and play, and developing skills such as mindfulness, curiosity, and resilience.

ENHANCING CREATIVITY

is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating systems or machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include problem-solving, learning, perception, reasoning, decision-making, natural language understanding, and even creative endeavors. It aim to mimic or replicate human cognitive abilities and behaviors, often using algorithms, data, and computational power to achieve their objectives.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

TYPES OF AI

NARROW AI (WEAK AI) GENERAL ALB( STRONG AI OR ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE (AGI))

refers to AI systems designed to perform specific tasks or functions within a limited domain. These systems excel at tasks such as speech recognition, image classification, recommendation systems, and game playing. It is the most common form of AI currently in use and is found in applications ranging from virtual assistants to autonomous vehicles.

NARROW AI

refers to AI systems with human-like intelligence and cognitive abilities. These systems would be capable of understanding, learning, and reasoning across a wide range of domains, similar to human intelligence. This AI remains a theoretical concept and has not yet been achieved.

GENERAL ALB (ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE) AGI

is a subset of AI that focuses on enabling computers to learn from data and improve their performance on specific tasks without being explicitly programmed. This algorithms can detect patterns, make predictions, and learn from experience by analyzing large datasets. Common machine learning techniques include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

MACHINE LEARNING

is a subfield of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks with multiple layers (deep neural networks) to model and extract patterns from complex datasets. It has achieved remarkable success in areas such as image recognition, natural language processing, and speech recognition. This models require large amounts of labeled data and significant computational resources for training.

DEEP LEARNING

AI raises ethical and societal concerns related to privacy, bias, fairness, accountability, transparency, and the potential impact on jobs and society. Issues such as algorithmic bias, data privacy, job displacement, and autonomous weapons have prompted discussions and debates about responsible AI development and deployment.