NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF LEARNING THEORIES Flashcards
are frameworks or models that describe how learning occurs and how knowledge is acquired. These theories provide explanations and insights into the cognitive, behavioral, and social processes involved in learning.
LEARNING THEORIES
are characterized by key theoretical constructs or concepts that explain how learning occurs.
LEARNING THEORIES
What are the key theoretical constructs
attention, perception, memory, motivation, reinforcement, schema, metacognition, self regulation, and social interaction.
Integrative approaches, such as ________, seek to incorporate insights from cognitive, behavioral, social, and cultural perspectives to better understand the complexities of learning in the digital age.
Connectivism
emerged as a dominant school of thought in psychology in the early 20th century, led by psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
BEHAVIORISM
focused on observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them, rejecting the study of internal mental processes.
BEHAVIORIST/BEHAVIORISM
Classical conditioning, pioneered by
IVAN PAVLOV
operant conditioning, developed by
BF SKINNER
key theories within behaviorism that explained how behavior is learned through associations and consequences.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
challenged the dominance of behaviorism and brought attention back to the study of internal mental processes.
COGNITIVE REVOLUTION
When did cognitive revolution emerged?
1950-1960s
Who are the well known cognitive psychologist
Jean piaget, lev vygotsky, albert bandura
emerged as a dominant framework within cognitive psychology, drawing analogies between the mind and a computer.
INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY
When did Information processing model emerged?
1960-1970s
When did Behaviorism emerged
Early 20th century
- This theory proposed that human cognition involves the processing of information through stages such as attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY
Researchers such as George Miller, Ulric Neisser, and Herbert Simon contributed to the development of of this theory and its application to learning and memory.
INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY
When did Constructivism and Situated Learning emerged
1980s to present
emerged as influential perspectives within educational psychology, emphasizing the active construction of knowledge by learners in social and cultural contexts.
CONSTRUCTIVISM OR SITUATED LEARNING
Constructivist theorists such as ______and ______ emphasized the role of active exploration, interaction, and social collaboration in learning.
JEAN PIAGET AND LEV VYGOTSKY
Situated learning theories, proposed by scholars such as John Dewey and Lave & Wenger, highlighted the importance of authentic, contextually rich learning experiences within communities of practice.
When did Connectivism and Digital Learning emerged
21st century
proposed by George Siemens and Stephen Downes
CONNECTIVISM
suggests that learning is distributed across networks of people, resources, and technologies, and emphasizes the importance of networked learning in the digital age.
CONNECTIVISM AND DIGITAL LEARNING
LEARNING THEORIES
BEHAVIORISM (early 20th century)
COGNITIVE REVOLUTION (1950-1960s)
INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY (1960-1970s)
CONSTRUCTIVISM AND SITUATION LEARNING (1980s to present)
CONNECTIVISM AND DIGITAL LEARNING (21st century)
FUNCTIONALISTIC THEORIES
CONNECTIONISM THEORY AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
an influential American psychologist who made significant contributions to the field of educational psychology and learning theory. One of his most notable theories is connectionism, also known as the Law of Effect.
EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE
Thorndike conducted his research on learning in the ________, during the early stages of behaviorism’s development.
late 19th and early 20th
was influenced by the prevailing behaviorist perspective, which focused on observable behaviors and the environmental factors that shape them. Thorndike sought to understand the principles underlying learning and behavior, particularly in the context of educational settings.
CONNECTIONISM THEORY
Thorndike’s connectionism theory is best known for his __________, which states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unsatisfying consequences are less likely to be repeated.
LAW OF EFFECT
learning occurs through the establishment of connections, or associations, between stimuli and responses. These connections strengthen or
weaken based on the consequences of behavior.
CONNECTIONISM THEORY OR LAW OF EFFECT
Thorndike conducted numerous experiments to investigate the principles of learning and behavior. One of his most famous experiments involved placing cats in puzzle boxes and observing their attempts to escape. Through these experiments, Thorndike observed that cats learned to escape the puzzle boxes more quickly over time, suggesting that their behavior was influenced by the consequences of their actions.
Thorndike quantified the rate of learning using a measure he called the ________which reflected the number of repetitions required for a behavior to become habitual.
LAW OF EXERCISE
Thorndike’s connectionism theory had significant implications for education and instructional design. He emphasized the importance of providing students with opportunities to practice desired behaviors and receive immediate feedback. Thorndike advocated for the use of reinforcement and rewards to encourage desirable behaviors in the classroom. He believed that positive reinforcement could strengthen connections between stimuli and responses, leading to more effective learning outcomes. Thorndike’s ideas influenced the development of behaviorist approaches to education, including programmed instruction and behavior modification techniques.
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATION
Thorndike’s connectionism theory has been both praised and criticized by subsequent researchers. Critics argue that his focus on observable behaviors and the law of effect oversimplified the complexities of human learning and cognition. Despite its limitations, Thorndike’s work laid the foundation for subsequent research in learning theory and educational psychology. His emphasis on the importance of consequences in shaping behavior and the principles of reinforcement continue to influence educational practices today. In summary, Edward Lee Thorndike’s connectionism theory, particularly his Law of Effect, made significant contributions to our understanding of learning and behavior. His research laid the groundwork for behaviorist approaches to education and continues to influence theories of learning and instructional design.
The major theoretical concept of Edward Lee Thorndike’s connectionism theory, also known as the Law of Effect, is the principle that
Behavior is strengthened or weakened by their consequences
central tenet of Thorndike’s connectionism theory.
LAW OF EFFECT
Thorndike’s research with animals, particularly in puzzle box experiments, provided empirical support for the Law of Effect. In these experiments, animals learned to escape the puzzle box by trial and error, gradually increasing the effectiveness of their behaviors based on the consequences they experienced. Through repeated trials, animals learned which behaviors led to favorable outcomes (e.g., escaping the box to obtain food) and which behaviors did not. This process of trial-and-error learning demonstrated the principles of reinforcement and the Law of Effect in action.
Thorndike’s seminal work
Animal intelligence (1898)
was an influential psychologist known for his work in behaviorism, particularly operant conditioning
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences that follow it. Skinner’s research focused on studying how behavior is shaped by its consequences, emphasizing the role of reinforcement and punishment.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
is a process that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
REINFORCEMENT
is a process that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
PUNISHMENT
Skinner developed the ___________, also known as the Skinner box, as a controlled environment for studying operant conditioning in animals. The chamber typically contains a lever or button that an animal can press to receive a reward or avoid punishment.
OPERANT CHAMBER
Schedule of reinforcement that reinforced after every instance of the behavior
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
Schedule of reinforcement that reinforce after some instances of the behavior
INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT
Intermittent schedules can be fixed (consistent) or variable (random), and they can be based on either ratio (number of responses) or interval (time elapsed).
Among the reinforcement schedules, _________ is the most productive and the most resistant to extinction.
Variable ratio
Among the reinforcement schedules, _________ is the least productive and the easiest to extinguish
FIXED INTERVAL
overexposure
SATIATION
lack of exposure
DEPRIVATION
“Misbehavior of Organisms” is a term coined by psychologist B.F. Skinner in his book “The Behavior of Organisms” (1938).
refers to instances where organisms exhibit behaviors that are considered undesirable or problematic in a particular context.
MISBEHAVIOR OF ORGANISM
