NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF LEARNING THEORIES

Question 1

are frameworks or models that describe how learning occurs and how knowledge is acquired. These theories provide explanations and insights into the cognitive, behavioral, and social processes involved in learning.

Answer 1

LEARNING THEORIES

Question 2

are characterized by key theoretical constructs or concepts that explain how learning occurs.

Answer 2

LEARNING THEORIES

Question 3

What are the key theoretical constructs

Answer 3

attention, perception, memory, motivation, reinforcement, schema, metacognition, self regulation, and social interaction.

Question 4

Integrative approaches, such as ________, seek to incorporate insights from cognitive, behavioral, social, and cultural perspectives to better understand the complexities of learning in the digital age.

Answer 4

Connectivism

Question 5

emerged as a dominant school of thought in psychology in the early 20th century, led by psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

Answer 5

BEHAVIORISM

Question 6

focused on observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them, rejecting the study of internal mental processes.

Answer 6

BEHAVIORIST/BEHAVIORISM

Question 7

Classical conditioning, pioneered by

Answer 7

IVAN PAVLOV

Question 8

operant conditioning, developed by

Answer 8

BF SKINNER

Question 9

key theories within behaviorism that explained how behavior is learned through associations and consequences.

Answer 9

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question 10

challenged the dominance of behaviorism and brought attention back to the study of internal mental processes.

Answer 10

COGNITIVE REVOLUTION

Question 11

When did cognitive revolution emerged?

Answer 11

1950-1960s

Question 12

Who are the well known cognitive psychologist

Answer 12

Jean piaget, lev vygotsky, albert bandura

Question 13

emerged as a dominant framework within cognitive psychology, drawing analogies between the mind and a computer.

Answer 13

INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY

Question 14

When did Information processing model emerged?

Answer 14

1960-1970s

Question 15

When did Behaviorism emerged

Answer 15

Early 20th century

Question 16

• This theory proposed that human cognition involves the processing of information through stages such as attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Answer 16

INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY

Question 17

Researchers such as George Miller, Ulric Neisser, and Herbert Simon contributed to the development of of this theory and its application to learning and memory.

Answer 17

INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY

Question 18

When did Constructivism and Situated Learning emerged

Answer 18

1980s to present

Question 19

emerged as influential perspectives within educational psychology, emphasizing the active construction of knowledge by learners in social and cultural contexts.

Answer 19

CONSTRUCTIVISM OR SITUATED LEARNING

Question 20

Constructivist theorists such as ______and ______ emphasized the role of active exploration, interaction, and social collaboration in learning.

Answer 20

JEAN PIAGET AND LEV VYGOTSKY

Question 21

Situated learning theories, proposed by scholars such as John Dewey and Lave & Wenger, highlighted the importance of authentic, contextually rich learning experiences within communities of practice.

Question 22

When did Connectivism and Digital Learning emerged

Answer 22

21st century

Question 23

proposed by George Siemens and Stephen Downes

Answer 23

CONNECTIVISM

Question 24

suggests that learning is distributed across networks of people, resources, and technologies, and emphasizes the importance of networked learning in the digital age.

Answer 24

CONNECTIVISM AND DIGITAL LEARNING

Question 25

LEARNING THEORIES

Answer 25

BEHAVIORISM (early 20th century)
COGNITIVE REVOLUTION (1950-1960s)
INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY (1960-1970s)
CONSTRUCTIVISM AND SITUATION LEARNING (1980s to present)
CONNECTIVISM AND DIGITAL LEARNING (21st century)

Question 26

FUNCTIONALISTIC THEORIES

Answer 26

CONNECTIONISM THEORY AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question 27

an influential American psychologist who made significant contributions to the field of educational psychology and learning theory. One of his most notable theories is connectionism, also known as the Law of Effect.

Answer 27

EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE

Question 28

Thorndike conducted his research on learning in the ________, during the early stages of behaviorism’s development.

Answer 28

late 19th and early 20th

Question 29

was influenced by the prevailing behaviorist perspective, which focused on observable behaviors and the environmental factors that shape them. Thorndike sought to understand the principles underlying learning and behavior, particularly in the context of educational settings.

Answer 29

CONNECTIONISM THEORY

Question 30

Thorndike’s connectionism theory is best known for his __________, which states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unsatisfying consequences are less likely to be repeated.

Answer 30

LAW OF EFFECT

Question 31

learning occurs through the establishment of connections, or associations, between stimuli and responses. These connections strengthen or
weaken based on the consequences of behavior.

Answer 31

CONNECTIONISM THEORY OR LAW OF EFFECT

Question 32

Thorndike conducted numerous experiments to investigate the principles of learning and behavior. One of his most famous experiments involved placing cats in puzzle boxes and observing their attempts to escape. Through these experiments, Thorndike observed that cats learned to escape the puzzle boxes more quickly over time, suggesting that their behavior was influenced by the consequences of their actions.

Question 33

Thorndike quantified the rate of learning using a measure he called the ________which reflected the number of repetitions required for a behavior to become habitual.

Answer 33

LAW OF EXERCISE

Question 34

Thorndike’s connectionism theory had significant implications for education and instructional design. He emphasized the importance of providing students with opportunities to practice desired behaviors and receive immediate feedback. Thorndike advocated for the use of reinforcement and rewards to encourage desirable behaviors in the classroom. He believed that positive reinforcement could strengthen connections between stimuli and responses, leading to more effective learning outcomes. Thorndike’s ideas influenced the development of behaviorist approaches to education, including programmed instruction and behavior modification techniques.

Answer 34

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATION

Question 35

Thorndike’s connectionism theory has been both praised and criticized by subsequent researchers. Critics argue that his focus on observable behaviors and the law of effect oversimplified the complexities of human learning and cognition. Despite its limitations, Thorndike’s work laid the foundation for subsequent research in learning theory and educational psychology. His emphasis on the importance of consequences in shaping behavior and the principles of reinforcement continue to influence educational practices today. In summary, Edward Lee Thorndike’s connectionism theory, particularly his Law of Effect, made significant contributions to our understanding of learning and behavior. His research laid the groundwork for behaviorist approaches to education and continues to influence theories of learning and instructional design.

Question 36

The major theoretical concept of Edward Lee Thorndike’s connectionism theory, also known as the Law of Effect, is the principle that

Answer 36

Behavior is strengthened or weakened by their consequences

Question 37

central tenet of Thorndike’s connectionism theory.

Answer 37

LAW OF EFFECT

Question 38

Thorndike’s research with animals, particularly in puzzle box experiments, provided empirical support for the Law of Effect. In these experiments, animals learned to escape the puzzle box by trial and error, gradually increasing the effectiveness of their behaviors based on the consequences they experienced. Through repeated trials, animals learned which behaviors led to favorable outcomes (e.g., escaping the box to obtain food) and which behaviors did not. This process of trial-and-error learning demonstrated the principles of reinforcement and the Law of Effect in action.

Question 39

Thorndike’s seminal work

Answer 39

Animal intelligence (1898)

Question 40

was an influential psychologist known for his work in behaviorism, particularly operant conditioning

Answer 40

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Question 41

is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences that follow it. Skinner’s research focused on studying how behavior is shaped by its consequences, emphasizing the role of reinforcement and punishment.

Answer 41

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question 42

is a process that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.

Answer 42

REINFORCEMENT

Question 43

is a process that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.

Answer 43

PUNISHMENT

Question 44

Skinner developed the ___________, also known as the Skinner box, as a controlled environment for studying operant conditioning in animals. The chamber typically contains a lever or button that an animal can press to receive a reward or avoid punishment.

Answer 44

OPERANT CHAMBER

Question 45

Schedule of reinforcement that reinforced after every instance of the behavior

Answer 45

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

Question 46

Schedule of reinforcement that reinforce after some instances of the behavior

Answer 46

INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT

Question 47

Intermittent schedules can be fixed (consistent) or variable (random), and they can be based on either ratio (number of responses) or interval (time elapsed).

Question 48

Among the reinforcement schedules, _________ is the most productive and the most resistant to extinction.

Answer 48

Variable ratio

Question 49

Among the reinforcement schedules, _________ is the least productive and the easiest to extinguish

Answer 49

FIXED INTERVAL

Question 50

overexposure

Answer 50

SATIATION

Question 51

lack of exposure

Answer 51

DEPRIVATION

Question 52

“Misbehavior of Organisms” is a term coined by psychologist B.F. Skinner in his book “The Behavior of Organisms” (1938).

Question 53

refers to instances where organisms exhibit behaviors that are considered undesirable or problematic in a particular context.

Answer 53

MISBEHAVIOR OF ORGANISM