Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child + Family > THINGS TO MEMORIZE > Flashcards

THINGS TO MEMORIZE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four categories of infant attachment?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Anxious: Avoidant
  3. Anxious: Ambivalent
  4. Disorganized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the features of secure attachment

A

Child: readily explores, using carer as a secure base; cries infrequently; easily put down after being held; confident
Caregiver: appropriate response to upset, appropriate encouragement to explore, tuned in to child’s needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the features of anxious avoidant attachment

A

Child: avoids or ignore the parent when he or she returns - showing little overt indications of an emotional response; often, the stranger will not be treated much differently from the parent
Caregiver: disinterested, uncomfortable with showing affection but overly encourages separation/independence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the features of anxious ambivalent attachment

A

Child: unsure how to respond to the parent when he or she returns – despite large emotional response; may seek comfort be unsure about how to manage the attention
Caregiver: unpredictable, inconsistent, frightening
Basically the child will typically explore little and is often wary of strangers, even when the parent is present
When the mother departs or reunites, the child is often highly distressed or uncertain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the features of disorganized attachment

A
  • Older children in the context of severe trauma
  • No cohesive response, bizarre behaviour
  • Soiling, destruction of possessions, odd noises
  • Overlaps with dissociation
  • Basically the child appears stressed, exhibiting tension movements, activated by departure and return of care giver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When mum picks her child up from the babysitter, the child in clingy and appears tense, with hunching of shoulders
What type of attachment is this?

A

Disorganized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A 1 years old child who usually sits alone at nursery and when reunited with mum seems angry and uncertain
What type of attachment is this?

A

Anxious ambivalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

 A 6 month old baby sleeps regularly through the night, seems hungry at predictable interviews and is content to plays with toys whilst mum answer the phone
What type of temperament is this?

A

Easy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three dimensions of temperament?

A
  1. Activity - intensity and pace of a persons behaviour
  2. Emotionality - how positive or how negative a person is in general; Jovial and happy or despondent and sad
  3. Sociability - preferences for social interaction or solitude
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the autistic triad?

What are some other symptoms?

A
  1. Communication
  2. Social interaction
  3. Flexibility of thought/imagination
    Also: restrictive/repetitive behaviours, sensory difficulties)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the ADHD triad?
What are some other features?
What can sometimes mimic it?
Treatment?

A
  1. Hyperactivity
  2. Inattention
  3. Impulsivity
    Other features
    - Must have been present for at least 6 months
    - Present before age 12 years
    - Present in multiple situations – school, home, play group etc
    - Must be pathological e.g. causing actual problems
    NB - Autism can sometimes mimic ADHD – just the manifestation of their autism
    Treat with behavioural controls e.g. diet, exercise
    Drugs: methylphenidate, atomoxetine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the six key areas of family functioning?

A
  1. Problem solving
  2. Communication
  3. Role allocation
  4. Affective responsiveness
  5. Affective involvement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A

Conduct disorder is a diagnostic term used to describe children and young people who present with persistent, repetitive, aggressive and antisocial behaviours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three key areas of treatment of conduct disorder?

A
  1. Collaborative problem solving - based on fit between child and environment
  2. Multi-systemic therapy - family and community based treatment for serious conduct problems at imminent risk of “out of home” placements
  3. Psychopharmacology
    - Mood stabilizers e.g. Lithium
    - Typical Antipsychotics: short term use possible
    - Atypical Antipsychotics – Risperidone, Olanzapine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the commonest reason for acute illness in children?

A

Sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bronchiolitis

  • Pathogen?
  • Treament?
A
  • Acute inflammation of the bronchioles caused by RSV
  • Can be life threatening in babies
  • Supportive treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Croup

  • Aka?
  • Symptoms?
  • Pathogen?
  • Treatment?
A

Laryngotracheobronchitis

  • Causes stridor in children due to oedematous upper airway obstruction
  • In adults causes a bit of laryngitis – hoarseness, dry cough
  • Caused by parainfluenza virus
  • Steroid treatment – steroids in acute setting may reduce severity, less likely to be intubated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epiglottitis

  • Symptoms?
  • Examination?
  • Pathogen?
  • Treatment?
A
  • Presents with fever and drooling child with noisy breathing
  • Do not examine as can trigger airway obstruction
  • Caused by haemophilus influenza B
  • Secure airway asap
  • Treat with IV ceftriaxone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Difference between epiglottitis and croup?

A

Epiglottis has longer prodromal symptoms than croup, in which the infant can be reasonably well a few hours before presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pertissus

  • Aka?
  • Pathogen?
  • Treatment?
A
  • Aka “whooping cough” – caused by Bordatella pertussis
  • Causes coughing fits, sometimes followed by vomiting
  • Supportive treatment or macrolides e.g. azithromycin, erythromycin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gastroenteritis

  • Common pathogen?
  • Management?
A
  • Tends to be viral
  • Manage with oral rehydration
  • WHO recipe: 1l water, ½ tsp salt, 6 tsp sugar (cannot absorb salt without sugar)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most common cause of acute abdomen in the following ages?

  • 6 hours
  • 6 weeks
  • 6 months
  • 6 years
A
  • 6 hours: midgut malrotation - early, bilious vomiting
  • 6 weeks: pyloric stenosis - milky projectile vomiting, palpable thickened pylorus
  • 6 months: intussusception - red, jelly like stools, complication of rotavirus
  • 6 years: appendicitis -> umbilical/RIF pain, tenderness going over bumps/round corners in car on way to A&E
23
Q

Oedema, proteinuria, increased cholesterol = ?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

24
Q

How should you examine the painful scrotum?

A

Take a pen and prod different points on the testicle – if sore on top then think of appendage on testicle – looks a like a black spot on the testicle

25
Q

Treatment of testicular torsion?

A

Surgical removal

26
Q

Oedematous, diffusely red scrotum = ?

A

Idiopathic scrotal oedema

27
Q

Treatment of mucosa pouting out on penis?

A

Use some steroid and ask parent to dab once the child has peed

28
Q

Treatment of mucosal scarring on penis?

A

Requires circumcision – may go into urethra and cause urethral stenosis

29
Q

What is parathenosis?

A

Foreskin is constricting the band causing obstruction with oedema

30
Q

Treatment of pneumococcal meningitis?

A

IV ceftriaxone - same as epiglottitis

31
Q

What happens in reflex anoxic seizures?

A

Child goes white, then sudden collapse – rarely seen in adults
Brief episode of asystole – flat line for 30 seconds, heart starts again

32
Q

What happens in a breath holding attack?

A

Toddlers: get upset/angry, exhale, stop breathing, go blue, collapse

33
Q

What is the difference between acyanotic and cyanotic heart disease?

A 
Acyanotic = left to right shunt, so blood is going through the lungs more than once – tissues are perfused, it just takes longer so don’t turn blue
Cyanotic = right to left shunt, so blood bypasses the lungs completely – tissues are not perfused and you turn blue
34
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia in children?

A

SVT

35
Q

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

  • What type of disease?
  • Who gets it?
  • Pathogen?
  • Symptoms?
  • What test must you do?
A
  • Type of IgA mediated vasculitis
  • Majority cases occur in children 2-11 and follow infection (1-3 weeks) e.g. URTI, pharyngeal, GI
  • Most common is group A strep
    Main symptoms = purpuric rash typically over buttocks and lower limbs, but also
  • Colicky abdominal pain
  • Bloody diarrhoea
  • Joint pain ± swelling
  • Renal involvement (50%)
    Essential to perform urinalysis to screen for renal involvement
36
Q

Measles

  • Presentation
  • Difference between this and chicken pox?
  • Pathogen
A
  • Widespread rash + fever + small white lesions on the oral mucosa (Koplik spots)
  • Maculopapular rash usually first appearing behind the ear and then spreading to the trunk
  • Measles rash tends to be more flat than that of chicken pox
  • High rate of complication
  • Caused by measles virus
37
Q

Rubella

  • Variation of which disease?
  • When is it a problem?
A
  • Basically a mild type of measles

- Problem in pregnancy -> can cause congenital problems

38
Q

Mumps

  • Symptoms?
  • Pathogen?
A

Causes a swollen neck - parotid gland swelling
Can also cause testicular inflammation
Caused by the mumps virus

39
Q

Give some causes of short stature

A
  • Short stature – genetic or constitutional
  • Malabsorptive – IBD, Coeliac disease
  • Obesity – 1/6 kids are at risk of obesity – over 95th centile
  • GH deficiency
  • Depravation + neglect
  • Constitutional delay – basically the child will grow normally, they are just at a pause
  • Consider Cushing’s if child is both short and very overweight – get some basic function tests like TFTS
40
Q

Most common causative organism in UTI?

A

E.coli

41
Q

Give some red flags for headaches in children

A
  • Headaches on waking
  • Worse on coughing/bending
  • Associated with vomiting, especially in the morning
  • Visual disturbance
  • Gait disturbance
  • Cranial nerve palsy
  • Head tilt
42
Q

Give some red flags for cardiac syncope in children

A
  • Syncope in a child with known congenital heart disease
  • Syncope during exercise or when supine
  • Family history of sudden death, prolonged QT syndrome or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – do an ECG to look at the QT interval
  • Syncope preceded by palpitations
  • Heart murmur or other abnormalities on cardiovascular examination
43
Q

Give some features on an innocent heart murmur in children

A
  • Systolic, low intensity
  • 2nd left interspace
  • Medial to apex
  • Beneath either clavicle (may be continuous- ‘venous hum’ –disappears when supine)
44
Q

What are some reg flag murmur features in children?

A
  • Systolic
  • Low intensity
  • 2nd left interspace
  • Medial to apex
  • Beneath either clavicle (may be continuous- ‘venous hum’ –disappears when supine
45
Q

Give some suggestive features of asthma

A
  • Personal history of atopic disease
  • FH of atopic disease and/or asthma
  • Wheeze on auscultation
  • Is the problem constant (periods of normality suggest URTIs)
  • Sleep disturbance
  • More than one of the following symptoms: wheeze, cough, difficulty breathing, chest tightness
  • Exacerbation by cold or exercise
    Particularly if these are frequent and recurrent; are worse at night/early morning; occur in response to/are worse after exercise or other triggers such as exposure to pets, pollens, cold or damp air, or with emotion, laughter; or occur apart from colds
46
Q

What are the four parts to tetralogy of fallot?

A
  1. Ventricular septal defect
  2. Pulmonary stenosis – narrowing of exit from right ventricle
  3. Right ventricular hypertrophy
  4. Overriding aorta, which allows blood from both ventricles to enter the aorta
47
Q

What is oesophageal atresia?

A

Incomplete development of the oseosphagus

48
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Absent nerve supply to a section of the large intestine therefore preventing contractions, resulting in severe constipation and sometimes bowel obstruction

49
Q

What are the symptoms of congenital rubella?

A

Vision and/or hearing loss, heart defects, mental retardation, and cerebral palsy

50
Q

Down syndrome

  • Genetics?
  • Symptoms?
A

Trisomy 21
Intellectual disability, distinctive facial and other physical features; often accompanied by heart defects and other health problems
Brushfield spots on the iris, low set ears, prominent tongue, single palmar crease

51
Q

Fragile X syndrome

  • Genetics?
  • Symptoms?
  • Boys more or girls?
A
  • Expansion mutation on the x chromosome (x linked), complicated transmission
  • Mental impairment, autistic behaviours, and attentional problems and hyperactivity
  • Physical characteristics of children with Fragile X include a long face, large ears, flat feet, and extremely flexible joints, especially fingers
  • Boys are affected more often than girls, and are more likely to have substantial intellectual disability rather than milder learning impairment
  • Both boys and girls are likely to have emotional and behavioural problems
52
Q

Phenylketonuria

  • Genetics?
  • What is it?
  • Symptoms?
  • Treatment?
A
  • Autosomal recessive
  • Metabolic disorder that affects the way the body processes protein; it can cause intellectual disability (mental retardation)
  • A baby born with PKU appears normal, but if the disease isn’t treated, the child will suffer from developmental delays that are apparent by the first birthday
  • If the child is promptly treated with a special diet, intellectual disability can be prevented
53
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

  • Genetics?
  • Symptoms?
A
  • Autosomal recessive
  • Affects the central nervous system, causing blindness, dementia, paralysis, seizures, and deafness; it’s usually fatal within the first few years of life
  • Babies with this disease appear normal when they are born; the symptoms develop during the first few months of life

Child + Family (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions