Things to Know Flashcards
What are the essential amino acids?
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Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine (conditionally essential), Lysine, Leucine
What are the non-essential amino acids?
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Alanine, Asparagine, Glutamate, Glycine, Cysteine, Aspartate/ Aspartic Acid, Glutamine, Tyrosine, Proline Serine
The Glut-1 transporter is for….?
glucose, galactose, glucoseamine
The Glut-2 transporter is for…?
glucose, galactose, fructose, glucosamine
The Glut-3 transporter is for…?
mannose, glucose, xylose, galactose, dehydroascorbic acid
Which Glut transporter is insulin dependent and what does it carry?
Glut-4 which carries glucose, glucosamine, dehydroascorbic acid
The steps of glycolysis?
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1. glucose, 2. glucose 6 phosphate, 3. fructose 6 phosphate, 4. fructose 1,6 biphosphate, 5. di hydroxy acetone, 6. glycerylaldehyde 3 phosphate, 7. 1,3 biphosphoglucarate, 8. 3 phosphoglycerate, 9. 2 phosphoglycerate, 10. phosphoenylpyruvate, 11. pyruvate
The Steps of the TCA or Krebbs Cycle are…
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Citrate, Isocitrate, Alpha Ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, Succarate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate
The enzymes in order for the TCA cycle are…
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citrate synthase, acconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, apla ketoglutarate dehydrogenas, succinyl thiokinase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase
How do I remember what nutrients are used in the TCA cycle?
The elephant broke down the iron gate by butting its head three times, I screamed and said B1, B2, B3, B5 if I run in the house I’ll stay alive. I put in the code B5, B5, CoQ10 as I got in the house the elephant but its head three times again.
B6, Iron, B1, B2, B3, B5, B5, B5 CoQ10, B3
What are the products of the TCA or Krebbs Cycle?
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
Pregnancy requires how many calories, how much water and what kinds of nutrients?
+300 calories above normal levels, 2.3 L of water, 1.1 g/kg of protein, folic acid/ folate, vitamin C, omega 3s
Nursing requires how many calories, how much water?
+500 calories, 3.1 L of water
What is oxytocin responsible for in pregnant women?
contractions & milk let down
What is prolactin responsible for in pregnant women?
growth of mammary glands, and milk production
Colostrum formed in first week of pregnancy contains what and does what in babies?
High levels of protein antibodies and it removes first stool
Adult Female and Male Calories
Adult Women need 1800-2200 calories per day
Adult Men need 2200-2800 calories per day
Ederly Men and Women Calories
Ederly women need 1600-2200 calories, Men need 2000-2800
Calories needed for female and male adolescents
females - 1600-2400 males 1800-3200
Harris Benedict Equation for Men
66 + (6.23 x weight) + (12.7 x height) - (6.8 x age)
Harris Benedict Equation for Women
655 + (4.35 x weight) + (4.7 x height) - (4.7 -age)
Glycolysis requires what nutrient to run?
Mg
ETC needs what nutrients to disengage super oxide radical?
zinc, copper, managanese, selenium (for glutathione)
Beta oxidation occurs where?
inside mitochondria
Lypogenesis occurs where?
In the cytosol of cell
In metabolic acidosis what happens to bicarbonate and CO2 and what other condition can result to compensate?
Too much acid, HCO3 drops, too compensate body may increase CO2 through respiratory alkalosis
What are some causes of metabolic acidosis?
ACIDD::
Aspirin toxicity, Carbohydrates not being metabolized, Insuffiency of Kidneys, Diarrhea, Diabetic ketoacidosis
Signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis
intense breathing/ hyperventalation, weak, confused, low BP, cardiac changes, hyperkalemia or increased potassiu levels
What are some causes of metabolic alkalosis?
ALKALI::
excessive Aldosterone production, kidneys release sldosterone renal tubes retain sodium, Loop diuretics, K alkali ingestion of baking soda, anatacids, milk, Anticoagulants, Loss of fluids through vomiting along with hydrogen ions, I sodium HCO3 administration high
MTHFR stands for what? How many copies of it? And what happens in the copy that promotes disease the most?
Methylane Tetrahydrofolate Reductase, 2 main copies (C677T) & (A1298C), and the C copy causes decreased methylation which can translate to many diseases mood disorders, cell proliferation, Alzheimers, cancer, depression, heart disease, stroke, OCD, spina bifida
Biomarkers and Lifestyle Intervention for MTHFR
Look at homocysteine which accumulates when methylation not working properly in the C677T variant only and find out gene copy, Lifestyle: dark leafy greens, B vitamins, supplement with folate that bypasses the MTHFR step - methyltetrahydrafolate, B2, B6, B12, Betain, smoking cessation, decrease alcohol intake, and increase things to encourage detoxification; no synthetic folic acid
Nutrigenomics Vs. Nutrigenetics
The effect of nutrients on genes vs how gene variation affect our reactions to food/ nutrients - OR effects of genetic variation on diet and disease
DNA is made up of what 2 P’s?
Pyrimidines & Purines
Purines are Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines are Cystosine and Thymine
An allele is…?
one member on a pair of genes occupying a specific spot on a chromosome
Homozygous means having…
two copies of the same allele or identical alleles that code for the same trait
What is methylation?
The attachment of methyl groups to DNA at cytosine bases which causes reduced transcription of the gene. The process of adding or subtracting a methyl group (1 Carbon and 3 Hydrogens).
The folate pathway requires what and is associated with what SNP’s?
B2, B3, B6, B12 - DHFR & MTHFR & MTR/MTRR
What happens in the body with the DHFR SNP?
It causes difficulty in conversion of synthetic folic acid to folate
MTR involves…
methionine synthase and methionine synthase reductace —the recycling of homocysteine back to methionine; MTR is B12 dependent, MTRR responsible for maintaining adequate levels of B12 required for homocysteine –> methionine
Homocystinuria is a defect in _________.
methionine metabolism
What is homocysteine?
A byproduct of methionine metabolism, at the end of methylation and is recycled over and over again. Methionie + methyl donor = homocysteine.
A methyl group contains_________& ___________.
1 Carbon and 3 Hydrogens
9 Functions of Methylation are…
Gene regulation, biotransformation, neurotrasmitter synthesis, hormone catabolism, Building Immune Cells, DNA and histone synthesis, Energy production, Creation of myelin sheath on nerves, Build and maintain cell membranes
Biotransformation does what and takes place where?
It is the detoxification and transformation of drugs to move them out of the body, takes place in the liver. The cytochrome P450 system plays a vital role and it has two phases.
cytochrome P450 enzymes
found in smooth ER in liver hepatocytes and help in oxidation of drugs
7 Things that negatively affect methylation….
Insufficient cofactors or substrates, medications that block absorption (antacids, metformin), high doses of niacin which deplete methyl groups, environmental toxins, heavy metals, or chemical exposure, too much substrate, genetic mutations, and mental state
3 Routes for Homocysteine metabolism & their markers are:
- MTR/ MTRR (organic acids marker - methylmelonic acid or MMA)
- BHMT betaine homocysteine-S-methyltransferase (zinc is the marker to diagnose)
- CBS (Cystathione Beta Synthase
How many years does it take for measurable B12 deficiency to develop?
3-5 years
What is the main form of B12 stored in the blood? How much B12 does the body store and where?
methylcobalamin - 60-80% is this type in the blood. 2-4 mg of B12 is stored in the body - 50% of all B12 stored in liver.
What is transsulfuration?
Homocysteine catabolism; homocysteine to cystathione to sulfate, taurine, and glutathione
What is the rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis?
pyruvate carboxylase
What is the chief regulating enzyme of glycolysis?
phosphofructose kinase -1
What is glutathione? & what is it made up of?
a major intracellular antioxidant; a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine
Functions of glutathione
stabilizes RBC membranes, reduces peroxides made by super oxide radicals, used in liver phase 2 detoxification to conjugate and excrete drugs, amino acid transport across membranes, cofactor for enzymes, participates in rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds, part of some leukotriene structures
What is methionine?
Methylated homocysteine - Homocysteine + methyl group
What is CBS?
cystathionine beta synthase which converts homocysteine to cystathione and accounts for 1/2 of homocysteine catabolism; important for production of glutathione, sulfate, and taurine. Upregulation through decreased B6, homocysteine, and glutathione, increased sulfate.
What is the cofactor for CBS?
B6 pyridoxine
Which SNPs will cause an increase homocysteine?
MTHFR C677T, MTR/ MTRR
Clinical ramifications of MTR/MTRR?
Decreased folate and B12, macrocytic anemia
Clinical ramifications of CBS C699T?
Sulfur intolerance, decreased B6 status, increased cystathione, decreased glutathione and BH4, increased levels of ammonia and glutamate
Clinical ramifications of MTHFR A129C?
low folate, depression
Clinical ramifications of MTHFR C677T?
low folate, increased risk for CVD and miscarriage
Most nutrients are absorbed in the______, ______, & _________.
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What part of the digestive tract absorbs, water, alcoholl, copper, iodide, fluoride, and molybdenum?
the stomach
Where are lipids, monosaccharides, amino acids, small peptides absorbed?
in the jejunum
Where are sodium, potassium, chloride, short chain fatty acids, water, vitamin K, and biotin absorbed by the body within the digestive tract?
the large intestine
5 Polar charged amino acids
LA HAG :: Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartate, Glutamate
3 Nonpolar amino acids
PTT (Pastor Toure Time) :: Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine
What tissues contain a GLUT-4 transporter?
skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
What is the accurate internal cooking temperature for beef pork veal and lamb?
145 degrees F
What is the accurate internal cooking temperature for chicken or poultry?
165 degrees F
What is the accurate internal cooking temperature for ground meats?
160 degrees F
What is the accurate internal cooking temperature for eggs and egg dishes?
160 degrees F
What is the minimum internal temperature for hot food to held to prevent pathogens?
135 degrees F
What temperature range encourages the growth of bacteria?
70 - 125 degrees F
What are the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges for: Fat, Protein, & Carbohydrates for adults?
Fat - 20-35%
Protein - 10-35%
Carbohydrate 45-65%
Calories for infant
108 calories per kg for the first 6 months of life
What is Keshan Disease?
congestive cardiomyopathy cause by dietary selenium deficiency and the presence of a virus named after Keshan County in China
What is tetany?
involuntary muscle movement
When on tube feeding if the body cannot digest and absorb they are given _________formula. If the body can digest and absorb they may be given _____ formula.
elemental; polymeric
Calories for toddlers
960-1700 calories per day no rule of thumb
What are the 5 Stages of Change?
- Pre-Contemplation, 2. Contemplation, 3. Preparation, 4. Action, 5. Maintenance, 6. Relapse/ Lapse
What causes steatorrhea?
Disruption in activity of pancreatic enzymes that help digest fat, or inadequate production of bile salts needed for fat absorption
What amino acid is known as the backbone of the thyroid?
tyrosine
Cretinism in utero can be caused by deficiency in…?
iodine
What is the preferred fuel source for the colonyctes?
Butyrate
What is the preferred fuel source for the enterocytes?
Glutamine
3 common inborn errors of metabolism
- PKU - accumulation of phenyalanine, low tyrosine, pHe accumlates in the brain can cause permanent brain damage
- MSUD - inability to process branch chain fatty acids - elevated leucine causes maple syrup urine smell
- Homocystinuria - elevated homocystine in blood and urine, elevated methionine
Ovulation is stimulated by a rise in this hormone….
LH or luteinizing hormone
What is dysphagia? And what are the four levels of the dysphagia diet?
The inability to swallow . Level 1. These are foods that are pureed or smooth, like pudding.
Level 2. These are moist foods that need some chewing. …
Level 3. This includes soft-solid foods that need more chewing. …
Level 4. This level includes all foods.
To avoid BPA contamination plastics marked with the codes ___, ___, & ____ should be avoided.
recycle codes 3, 6, and 7
How long can breast milk be left out at room temperature?
6 hours or less
What bacteria is abundant in the guts of breast fed infants?
90% is bifidobacteria
Treatment for cystic fibrosis
Treatment goals for cystic fibrosis include pancreatic enzyme replacement and increased intakes of energy, protein, and fat
Antidiuretic hormone is released in response to…
increased serum osmolality which causes an increase in the solute content of the blood
Treatment for cholecystitis is…
25% fat diet with fat-soluble vitamin supplementation
What is cholecystitis?
Inflammation of the gall bladder usually cause by the accumulation of bile due to blockage of the bile duct or gallstone formation
What is included in extracellular water?
plasma, lymph, spinal fluid
Brown adipose tissue performs what function
regulates heat production and body temperature
The NHANES or Nutrition Health and Examination Survey has what objective?
To collect dietary data using 24 hour diet recalls from Americans from 2-65
Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids reduce the inflammation of arthritis through the action of….
prostaglandin-3 a compound formed from omega-3 metabolism
Arachadonic acid
omega-6 fatty acid that forms prostaglandin-2 responsible for increased inflammation
Food Frequency Questionnaires differ from 24 hour recalls in what way?
Does not ask about typical meal patterns
An effective nutrition screening program is based on the principles of ___________and _____________.
specificity (helps to exclude those not at nutritional risk) and sensitivity (to help find those at risk)
Impaired glucose tolerance is defined as____________.
2 hour plasma glucose between 140-199 mg/dL
What test is is used to diagnose PKU or phenylketonuria?
The Guthrie Test
What three measures are used to calculate serum osmolality?
Sodium, Glucose, and BUN or blood urea nitrogen: normal serum osmolality is 300 mEq/liter
Low salt syndrome can be caused by:
extreme sodium restriction, decreased glomerular filtration rate, adrenal gland insufficiency
How does zinc promote wound healing?
Increases collagen synthesis - same with vitamin C
Associated with ascites, can indicate kwashiorkor, commonly seen in nephrotic syndrome….
low serum albumin levels
What is nephrotic syndrome?
condition in which large amounts of protein are lost in the urine
Which gastrointestinal surgery has the most detrimental effect on nutritional status?
ileal resection or removal of part of the ileum - decreases absorption of many micronutrients including fat soluble vitamins and also interferes with bile salt activity needed for fat metabolism. When jejunum removed ileum can take up part of its functions so less detrimental.
Iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier….
transferrin
The digestability of fatty acids is_____.
greater than 95%
The food components listed on the Nutrition Facts Panel are?
sugars, dietary fiber, and calcium
Anticonvulsant medications can deplete reserves of _________ and ___________>
folate and vitamin D
Asses these nutrient status - when a client is on long term PPI therapy.
B12 iron and zinc (minerals)
5 clinical determinants of metabolic syndrome are…
waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose
Mifflin St Jeor
Men & Women
Men
10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (y) + 5
