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Esosa's CNS Review > Things to Know > Flashcards

Things to Know Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine (conditionally essential), Lysine, Leucine

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2
Q

What are the non-essential amino acids?

A

Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Getting Taken Prom Shopping

Alanine, Asparagine, Glutamate, Glycine, Cysteine, Aspartate/ Aspartic Acid, Glutamine, Tyrosine, Proline Serine

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3
Q

The Glut-1 transporter is for….?

A

glucose, galactose, glucoseamine

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4
Q

The Glut-2 transporter is for…?

A

glucose, galactose, fructose, glucosamine

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5
Q

The Glut-3 transporter is for…?

A

mannose, glucose, xylose, galactose, dehydroascorbic acid

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6
Q

Which Glut transporter is insulin dependent and what does it carry?

A

Glut-4 which carries glucose, glucosamine, dehydroascorbic acid

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7
Q

The steps of glycolysis?

A

Girls Get Food First Dear George Boys Prepare Plates (for their) Pretty Princesses
1. glucose, 2. glucose 6 phosphate, 3. fructose 6 phosphate, 4. fructose 1,6 biphosphate, 5. di hydroxy acetone, 6. glycerylaldehyde 3 phosphate, 7. 1,3 biphosphoglucarate, 8. 3 phosphoglycerate, 9. 2 phosphoglycerate, 10. phosphoenylpyruvate, 11. pyruvate

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8
Q

The Steps of the TCA or Krebbs Cycle are…

A

Can I Keep Selling Sex for Money Officer?

Citrate, Isocitrate, Alpha Ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, Succarate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate

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9
Q

The enzymes in order for the TCA cycle are…

A

She sAT Down Devil Sipped Down Five Drinks
citrate synthase, acconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, apla ketoglutarate dehydrogenas, succinyl thiokinase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase

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10
Q

How do I remember what nutrients are used in the TCA cycle?

A

The elephant broke down the iron gate by butting its head three times, I screamed and said B1, B2, B3, B5 if I run in the house I’ll stay alive. I put in the code B5, B5, CoQ10 as I got in the house the elephant but its head three times again.

B6, Iron, B1, B2, B3, B5, B5, B5 CoQ10, B3

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11
Q

What are the products of the TCA or Krebbs Cycle?

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

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12
Q

Pregnancy requires how many calories, how much water and what kinds of nutrients?

A

+300 calories above normal levels, 2.3 L of water, 1.1 g/kg of protein, folic acid/ folate, vitamin C, omega 3s

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13
Q

Nursing requires how many calories, how much water?

A

+500 calories, 3.1 L of water

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14
Q

What is oxytocin responsible for in pregnant women?

A

contractions & milk let down

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15
Q

What is prolactin responsible for in pregnant women?

A

growth of mammary glands, and milk production

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16
Q

Colostrum formed in first week of pregnancy contains what and does what in babies?

A

High levels of protein antibodies and it removes first stool

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17
Q

Adult Female and Male Calories

A

Adult Women need 1800-2200 calories per day

Adult Men need 2200-2800 calories per day

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18
Q

Ederly Men and Women Calories

A

Ederly women need 1600-2200 calories, Men need 2000-2800

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19
Q

Calories needed for female and male adolescents

A

females - 1600-2400 males 1800-3200

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20
Q

Harris Benedict Equation for Men

A

66 + (6.23 x weight) + (12.7 x height) - (6.8 x age)

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21
Q

Harris Benedict Equation for Women

A

655 + (4.35 x weight) + (4.7 x height) - (4.7 -age)

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22
Q

Glycolysis requires what nutrient to run?

A

Mg

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23
Q

ETC needs what nutrients to disengage super oxide radical?

A

zinc, copper, managanese, selenium (for glutathione)

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24
Q

Beta oxidation occurs where?

A

inside mitochondria

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25
Q

Lypogenesis occurs where?

A

In the cytosol of cell

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26
Q

In metabolic acidosis what happens to bicarbonate and CO2 and what other condition can result to compensate?

A

Too much acid, HCO3 drops, too compensate body may increase CO2 through respiratory alkalosis

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27
Q

What are some causes of metabolic acidosis?

A

ACIDD::

Aspirin toxicity, Carbohydrates not being metabolized, Insuffiency of Kidneys, Diarrhea, Diabetic ketoacidosis

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28
Q

Signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis

A

intense breathing/ hyperventalation, weak, confused, low BP, cardiac changes, hyperkalemia or increased potassiu levels

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29
Q

What are some causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

ALKALI::
excessive Aldosterone production, kidneys release sldosterone renal tubes retain sodium, Loop diuretics, K alkali ingestion of baking soda, anatacids, milk, Anticoagulants, Loss of fluids through vomiting along with hydrogen ions, I sodium HCO3 administration high

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30
Q

MTHFR stands for what? How many copies of it? And what happens in the copy that promotes disease the most?

A

Methylane Tetrahydrofolate Reductase, 2 main copies (C677T) & (A1298C), and the C copy causes decreased methylation which can translate to many diseases mood disorders, cell proliferation, Alzheimers, cancer, depression, heart disease, stroke, OCD, spina bifida

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31
Q

Biomarkers and Lifestyle Intervention for MTHFR

A

Look at homocysteine which accumulates when methylation not working properly in the C677T variant only and find out gene copy, Lifestyle: dark leafy greens, B vitamins, supplement with folate that bypasses the MTHFR step - methyltetrahydrafolate, B2, B6, B12, Betain, smoking cessation, decrease alcohol intake, and increase things to encourage detoxification; no synthetic folic acid

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32
Q

Nutrigenomics Vs. Nutrigenetics

A

The effect of nutrients on genes vs how gene variation affect our reactions to food/ nutrients - OR effects of genetic variation on diet and disease

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33
Q

DNA is made up of what 2 P’s?

A

Pyrimidines & Purines
Purines are Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines are Cystosine and Thymine

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34
Q

An allele is…?

A

one member on a pair of genes occupying a specific spot on a chromosome

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35
Q

Homozygous means having…

A

two copies of the same allele or identical alleles that code for the same trait

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36
Q

What is methylation?

A

The attachment of methyl groups to DNA at cytosine bases which causes reduced transcription of the gene. The process of adding or subtracting a methyl group (1 Carbon and 3 Hydrogens).

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37
Q

The folate pathway requires what and is associated with what SNP’s?

A

B2, B3, B6, B12 - DHFR & MTHFR & MTR/MTRR

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38
Q

What happens in the body with the DHFR SNP?

A

It causes difficulty in conversion of synthetic folic acid to folate

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39
Q

MTR involves…

A

methionine synthase and methionine synthase reductace —the recycling of homocysteine back to methionine; MTR is B12 dependent, MTRR responsible for maintaining adequate levels of B12 required for homocysteine –> methionine

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40
Q

Homocystinuria is a defect in _________.

A

methionine metabolism

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41
Q

What is homocysteine?

A

A byproduct of methionine metabolism, at the end of methylation and is recycled over and over again. Methionie + methyl donor = homocysteine.

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42
Q

A methyl group contains_________& ___________.

A

1 Carbon and 3 Hydrogens

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43
Q

9 Functions of Methylation are…

A

Gene regulation, biotransformation, neurotrasmitter synthesis, hormone catabolism, Building Immune Cells, DNA and histone synthesis, Energy production, Creation of myelin sheath on nerves, Build and maintain cell membranes

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44
Q

Biotransformation does what and takes place where?

A

It is the detoxification and transformation of drugs to move them out of the body, takes place in the liver. The cytochrome P450 system plays a vital role and it has two phases.

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45
Q

cytochrome P450 enzymes

A

found in smooth ER in liver hepatocytes and help in oxidation of drugs

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46
Q

7 Things that negatively affect methylation….

A

Insufficient cofactors or substrates, medications that block absorption (antacids, metformin), high doses of niacin which deplete methyl groups, environmental toxins, heavy metals, or chemical exposure, too much substrate, genetic mutations, and mental state

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47
Q

3 Routes for Homocysteine metabolism & their markers are:

A
  1. MTR/ MTRR (organic acids marker - methylmelonic acid or MMA)
  2. BHMT betaine homocysteine-S-methyltransferase (zinc is the marker to diagnose)
  3. CBS (Cystathione Beta Synthase
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48
Q

How many years does it take for measurable B12 deficiency to develop?

A

3-5 years

49
Q

What is the main form of B12 stored in the blood? How much B12 does the body store and where?

A

methylcobalamin - 60-80% is this type in the blood. 2-4 mg of B12 is stored in the body - 50% of all B12 stored in liver.

50
Q

What is transsulfuration?

A

Homocysteine catabolism; homocysteine to cystathione to sulfate, taurine, and glutathione

51
Q

What is the rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis?

A

pyruvate carboxylase

52
Q

What is the chief regulating enzyme of glycolysis?

A

phosphofructose kinase -1

53
Q

What is glutathione? & what is it made up of?

A

a major intracellular antioxidant; a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine

54
Q

Functions of glutathione

A

stabilizes RBC membranes, reduces peroxides made by super oxide radicals, used in liver phase 2 detoxification to conjugate and excrete drugs, amino acid transport across membranes, cofactor for enzymes, participates in rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds, part of some leukotriene structures

55
Q

What is methionine?

A

Methylated homocysteine - Homocysteine + methyl group

56
Q

What is CBS?

A

cystathionine beta synthase which converts homocysteine to cystathione and accounts for 1/2 of homocysteine catabolism; important for production of glutathione, sulfate, and taurine. Upregulation through decreased B6, homocysteine, and glutathione, increased sulfate.

57
Q

What is the cofactor for CBS?

A

B6 pyridoxine

58
Q

Which SNPs will cause an increase homocysteine?

A

MTHFR C677T, MTR/ MTRR

59
Q

Clinical ramifications of MTR/MTRR?

A

Decreased folate and B12, macrocytic anemia

60
Q

Clinical ramifications of CBS C699T?

A

Sulfur intolerance, decreased B6 status, increased cystathione, decreased glutathione and BH4, increased levels of ammonia and glutamate

61
Q

Clinical ramifications of MTHFR A129C?

A

low folate, depression

62
Q

Clinical ramifications of MTHFR C677T?

A

low folate, increased risk for CVD and miscarriage

63
Q

Most nutrients are absorbed in the______, ______, & _________.

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

64
Q

What part of the digestive tract absorbs, water, alcoholl, copper, iodide, fluoride, and molybdenum?

A

the stomach

65
Q

Where are lipids, monosaccharides, amino acids, small peptides absorbed?

A

in the jejunum

66
Q

Where are sodium, potassium, chloride, short chain fatty acids, water, vitamin K, and biotin absorbed by the body within the digestive tract?

A

the large intestine

67
Q

5 Polar charged amino acids

A

LA HAG :: Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartate, Glutamate

68
Q

3 Nonpolar amino acids

A

PTT (Pastor Toure Time) :: Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine

69
Q

What tissues contain a GLUT-4 transporter?

A

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

70
Q

What is the accurate internal cooking temperature for beef pork veal and lamb?

A

145 degrees F

71
Q

What is the accurate internal cooking temperature for chicken or poultry?

A

165 degrees F

72
Q

What is the accurate internal cooking temperature for ground meats?

A

160 degrees F

73
Q

What is the accurate internal cooking temperature for eggs and egg dishes?

A

160 degrees F

74
Q

What is the minimum internal temperature for hot food to held to prevent pathogens?

A

135 degrees F

75
Q

What temperature range encourages the growth of bacteria?

A

70 - 125 degrees F

76
Q

What are the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges for: Fat, Protein, & Carbohydrates for adults?

A

Fat - 20-35%
Protein - 10-35%
Carbohydrate 45-65%

77
Q

Calories for infant

A

108 calories per kg for the first 6 months of life

78
Q

What is Keshan Disease?

A

congestive cardiomyopathy cause by dietary selenium deficiency and the presence of a virus named after Keshan County in China

79
Q

What is tetany?

A

involuntary muscle movement

80
Q

When on tube feeding if the body cannot digest and absorb they are given _________formula. If the body can digest and absorb they may be given _____ formula.

A

elemental; polymeric

81
Q

Calories for toddlers

A

960-1700 calories per day no rule of thumb

82
Q

What are the 5 Stages of Change?

A
  1. Pre-Contemplation, 2. Contemplation, 3. Preparation, 4. Action, 5. Maintenance, 6. Relapse/ Lapse
83
Q

What causes steatorrhea?

A

Disruption in activity of pancreatic enzymes that help digest fat, or inadequate production of bile salts needed for fat absorption

84
Q

What amino acid is known as the backbone of the thyroid?

A

tyrosine

85
Q

Cretinism in utero can be caused by deficiency in…?

A

iodine

86
Q

What is the preferred fuel source for the colonyctes?

A

Butyrate

87
Q

What is the preferred fuel source for the enterocytes?

A

Glutamine

88
Q

3 common inborn errors of metabolism

A
  1. PKU - accumulation of phenyalanine, low tyrosine, pHe accumlates in the brain can cause permanent brain damage
  2. MSUD - inability to process branch chain fatty acids - elevated leucine causes maple syrup urine smell
  3. Homocystinuria - elevated homocystine in blood and urine, elevated methionine
89
Q

Ovulation is stimulated by a rise in this hormone….

A

LH or luteinizing hormone

90
Q

What is dysphagia? And what are the four levels of the dysphagia diet?

A

The inability to swallow . Level 1. These are foods that are pureed or smooth, like pudding.
Level 2. These are moist foods that need some chewing. …
Level 3. This includes soft-solid foods that need more chewing. …
Level 4. This level includes all foods.

91
Q

To avoid BPA contamination plastics marked with the codes ___, ___, & ____ should be avoided.

A

recycle codes 3, 6, and 7

92
Q

How long can breast milk be left out at room temperature?

A

6 hours or less

93
Q

What bacteria is abundant in the guts of breast fed infants?

A

90% is bifidobacteria

94
Q

Treatment for cystic fibrosis

A

Treatment goals for cystic fibrosis include pancreatic enzyme replacement and increased intakes of energy, protein, and fat

95
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is released in response to…

A

increased serum osmolality which causes an increase in the solute content of the blood

96
Q

Treatment for cholecystitis is…

A

25% fat diet with fat-soluble vitamin supplementation

97
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

Inflammation of the gall bladder usually cause by the accumulation of bile due to blockage of the bile duct or gallstone formation

98
Q

What is included in extracellular water?

A

plasma, lymph, spinal fluid

99
Q

Brown adipose tissue performs what function

A

regulates heat production and body temperature

100
Q

The NHANES or Nutrition Health and Examination Survey has what objective?

A

To collect dietary data using 24 hour diet recalls from Americans from 2-65

101
Q

Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids reduce the inflammation of arthritis through the action of….

A

prostaglandin-3 a compound formed from omega-3 metabolism

102
Q

Arachadonic acid

A

omega-6 fatty acid that forms prostaglandin-2 responsible for increased inflammation

103
Q

Food Frequency Questionnaires differ from 24 hour recalls in what way?

A

Does not ask about typical meal patterns

104
Q

An effective nutrition screening program is based on the principles of ___________and _____________.

A

specificity (helps to exclude those not at nutritional risk) and sensitivity (to help find those at risk)

105
Q

Impaired glucose tolerance is defined as____________.

A

2 hour plasma glucose between 140-199 mg/dL

106
Q

What test is is used to diagnose PKU or phenylketonuria?

A

The Guthrie Test

107
Q

What three measures are used to calculate serum osmolality?

A

Sodium, Glucose, and BUN or blood urea nitrogen: normal serum osmolality is 300 mEq/liter

108
Q

Low salt syndrome can be caused by:

A

extreme sodium restriction, decreased glomerular filtration rate, adrenal gland insufficiency

109
Q

How does zinc promote wound healing?

A

Increases collagen synthesis - same with vitamin C

110
Q

Associated with ascites, can indicate kwashiorkor, commonly seen in nephrotic syndrome….

A

low serum albumin levels

111
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

condition in which large amounts of protein are lost in the urine

112
Q

Which gastrointestinal surgery has the most detrimental effect on nutritional status?

A

ileal resection or removal of part of the ileum - decreases absorption of many micronutrients including fat soluble vitamins and also interferes with bile salt activity needed for fat metabolism. When jejunum removed ileum can take up part of its functions so less detrimental.

113
Q

Iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier….

A

transferrin

114
Q

The digestability of fatty acids is_____.

A

greater than 95%

115
Q

The food components listed on the Nutrition Facts Panel are?

A

sugars, dietary fiber, and calcium

116
Q

Anticonvulsant medications can deplete reserves of _________ and ___________>

A

folate and vitamin D

117
Q

Asses these nutrient status - when a client is on long term PPI therapy.

A

B12 iron and zinc (minerals)

118
Q

5 clinical determinants of metabolic syndrome are…

A

waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose

119
Q

Mifflin St Jeor

Men & Women

A

Men

10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (y) + 5

Esosa's CNS Review (3 decks)

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