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Esosa's CNS Review > Practice Test Review > Flashcards

Practice Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

BMI = weight (lbs) / Height (in squared) OR BMI = weight in kg / Height in m squared

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2
Q

How many grams of carbs should a pregnant woman consume?

A

150 grams

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3
Q

What is an oil source of omega-3 fatty acids?

A

canola oil

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4
Q

What is the protein requirement for young adolescents?

A

.95 grams/ kg

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5
Q

What is the RDA for calcium in late adolescence?

A

1300 mg/ day

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6
Q

In renal failure, as kidney function decreases, serum creatinine_________.

A

increases

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7
Q

Pancreas synthesizes both ________ & ___________.

A

insulin and glucagon

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8
Q

How are the skeletal muscles able to take up glucose without insulin during exercise?

A

Muscle contraction activate movement of glucose transporters from cytoplasm to cell membrane

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9
Q

When blood concentration of Calcium is low the___________________releases ________ to raise blood calcium levels.

A

parathyroid hormone, calcium

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10
Q

The extracellular resevoir is made up of ___________ & ________________.

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

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11
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

They help facilitate the circulation of fatty acids in body because fats are not water soluble

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12
Q

In the first phase of intestinal triglyceride digestion large lipids are dispersed into ______ to be further digested.

A

micelles

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13
Q

What substance stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic lipase?

A

secretin

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14
Q

What hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum?

A

CCK or cholecytokinin

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15
Q

____________________ is the metabolic process used by the body to synthesize non-essential amino acids.

A

Transamination

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16
Q

When glucose supply is limited the body produces _________ from fatty acids.

A

ketones

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17
Q

In order for short to medium chain fatty acids to be circulated away from small intestine, they are first bound to ___________.

A

albumin

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18
Q

Intestinal cells synthesize________to circulate long chain fatty acids away from the gastrointestinal tract.

A

chylomicrons

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19
Q

To be labeled enriched a food must have ___, ____, ____, and _____ added.

A

B1, B2, B3, B9

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20
Q

This vitamin assists in reduction/ oxidation reactions and several reactions that protect biological membranes from damage.

A

Riboflavin or B2

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21
Q

What vitamin is needed to make NAD+ and NADP+

A

Niacin

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22
Q

What is ariboflavinosis?

A

Riboflavin deficiency which includes: cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, muscle weakness, and confusion

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23
Q

What vitamins are required for the production of methionine from homocysteine?

A

Folate and B 12

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24
Q

Where is intrinsic factor made?

A

in the stomach

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25
Q

What nutrient can be produced from amino acids methionine and lysine?

A

carnitine

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26
Q

What happens to retinal in the enterocyte?

A

It is esterfied

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27
Q

Pituitary thyroid hormone and vitamin D act on _________ to increase calcium reabsorbtion.

A

kidneys

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28
Q

What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluids?

A

potassium

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29
Q

Low salt foods must have _____mg of sodium per serving.

A

140

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30
Q

S-adenosylmethionine is useful for ___________ and ______________>

A

arthritis and depression

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31
Q

Saccharamyces boulardii is used therapeutically for _______________.

A

diarrhea

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32
Q

The essential fatty acids most absorbed from diet include____________ and _____________________.

A

linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid

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33
Q

These nutrients increase during pregnancy….

A

choline, vitamin C, iodine, iron (nearly doubles), Mg, selenium, zinc

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34
Q

How long does pregnancy last? A preterm baby is delivered before ________.

A

40 weeks; 37 weeks

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35
Q

Convert cm to inches ?

A

multiply by 2.54

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36
Q

Convert cm to meters

A

divide 100

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37
Q

2 hormones & 1 enzyme produced by the kidneys and f(x)?

A
  1. erythropoetin - produced when decrease in oxygen to stimulate production of RBC
  2. Renin - an enzyme that is produced when BP goes down, it converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I - the lungs then convert into angiotensin II which elevates BP again
  3. Calcitriol or active form of vitamin D! When levels of calcium decrease parathyroid gland produces PTH; liver produces calcidiol - kidneys convert to calcitriol which increases calcium and phosphorous absorption in intestines, increases bone resorption, induces immune cell differentiation, and increases reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys y the nephrons
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38
Q

The alpha cells of the pancreas produce….

A

glucagon

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39
Q

The beta cells of the pancreas produce..

A

insulin

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40
Q

Stages of starvation. With low blood sugar, glucagon triggers which three processes at various levels of starvation?

A
  1. glucagon stimulates stored glycogen back to glucos through glycogenolysis (short term)
    with continued fasting….
  2. glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis or use of proteins and other materials to make glucose
  3. Final and back up system glucagon will trigger ketogenesis by stimulating the liver to produce ketones the bodies emergency food supply
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41
Q

What is NHANES?

A

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is a program of studies designed to asses the health and nutrition status of adults and children in the US - includes interviews, physical examinations, demographic, socioeconomic and dietary related Questions

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42
Q

Hykalemia is associated with ______________________.

A

metabolic acidosis

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43
Q

Increase CO2 producion, increased carbonic acid production, decrease in pH, kidneys excreting base.

A

metabolic acidosis

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44
Q

What percentage of people 50 years old or older have osteoporosis?

A

55%

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45
Q

Osteocalcin depends on ________for synthesis.

A

vitamin K

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46
Q

End products of bacterial fermentation of malabsorbed carbohydrates are….

A

short chain fatty acids, hydrogen, CO2

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47
Q

Indicator of gastric insufficiency

A

chronic halitosis

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48
Q

Oral contraceptives deplete what nutrients?

A

folate

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49
Q

cytochrome P450

A
  1. detoxifies drugs by enabling excretion in bile or urine, 2. is located in the liver on the rough ER, 3. oxidizes lipophilic drugs and steroid hormones making them hydrophilic
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50
Q

Fluid accumulation in the stomach

A

ascites

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51
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

respiratory difficulties, digestive complications, as a result of genetic defect that results in inability to pump chloride ions across membranes

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52
Q

Anaroebic, 8-18 hours, nausea vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, also known as cafteria bug

A

clostridum perfringens

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53
Q

Which minerals would be disrupted by kidney disease?

A

Mg, Ca, Ph

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54
Q

Best predictor of cardiovascular death

A

Total cholesterol to HDL ratio

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55
Q

Foods considered high risk for contribution to foodborne illness are high in _________ and ____________.

A

Those that are high in protein and water

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56
Q

Most common fish toxin related to food poisoning in US

A

Ciguatera

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57
Q

6 Purposes of Medical Records

A

medical, legal, communication, financial, historical, evaluation

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58
Q

Physical conditions of anorexia may include________ and _________ and __________.

A

osteopenia, hypothyroidism hypercortisolism

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59
Q

Most common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease

A

diabetic neuropathy

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60
Q

Based on the USDA guidelines what percentage of kcal should be from saturated fat?

A

less than 10%

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61
Q

Maximum number of drinks per day for men and women

A

women 1, 2 men

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62
Q

Aspirin taken on a regular basis can deplete the body of…

A

iron

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63
Q

Proton pump inhibitors (ending in “azole”) depletions and interactions

A

depletes: iron, B12, Caclium decrease can lead to osteoporosis
interactions: golden seal and ginger

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64
Q

H2 Antagonists or histamine blocker depletion and interactions

A

deplete: calcium, iron, zinc, folic acid, vitamin D, B12

no interactions

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65
Q

Antibiotics depletions and interactions

A

depletes: folic acid, B1, B2, B6, B12, calcium, Mg, Potassium, vitamin K
interactions: Ca, Fe, Mg, Zinc, green tea catechins

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66
Q

Anticoagulants (Coumadin, Warfarin, Aspirin, etc) depletions and interactions

A

with prolonged use of aspririn - depletion of iron, warfarin interacts with vitamin K, bilberry, cod liver oil, Don Quai, evening primrose, feverfew, fish oil flaxseed oil, garlic, ginger root, gingko biloba, glucosamine, goldenseal, grape seed extract, milk thistle, vitamin E,K, and COQ10 can increase risk of bleeding

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67
Q

Antidepressants (Zoloft, Prozac, Paxil, Calexa, Lexipro) depletions and interactions

A

deplete: folic acid

contraindications with melatonin and St. Johns Wort

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68
Q

Antiepileptic Drugs interactions

A

use with caution iwth folic acid, gingko biloba, niacin, St. John’s Wort

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69
Q

Antihypertensive Drug Classes

A

ACE Inhibitors, ARB’s Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, Betablockers, Thiazide Diuretics

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70
Q

ACE Inhibitors (lisinopril, benazepril, etc) & ARB’s or Angiotension Receptor Blockers

A

depletions: zinc, increases serum potassium
interactions: avoid potassium supplements, licorice, salt substitutes

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71
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers (Norvasc, Cardizem) depletions and interactions

A

depletes: potassium
avoid: calcium (which may interfere with BP activity going down) and melatonin

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72
Q

Betablockers (metoprolol, atenolol, carvedilol) depletions and interactions

A

depletes CoQ10

avoid licorice, low sodium diet preferred

73
Q

Antipsychotic Drug depletions and interactions

A

deplete B2; interact with echinacea, evening primrose, goldenseal, ginseng, gingko biloba, St. John’s Wort

74
Q

Cholesterol Lowering Statins (Lipitor, “end in statin) depletions and interactions

A

depletes CoQ10

interacts with St. John’s Wort, vitamin A, red rice yeast

75
Q

red yeast rice

A

contains levostatin which decreases cholesterol levels

76
Q

Digoxin depletions and interactions

A

depletes calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, vitamin B1, potassium
interacts with Ca if high or low, Hawthron may enhance, St. John’s Wort may reduce serum levels of the drug

77
Q

Loop diuretics depletions and interactions

A

Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, long term excretion of urinary zinc increases
depletions: Mg, Potassium, Zinc
negative interactions with CoQ10, fish oil which can lower BP, gingko biloba may reduce effectiveness

78
Q

Thiazide Diuretics depletions and interactions

A

depletes: Mg, Potassium, Zinc

negative interactions with CoQ10, fish oil which can lower BP, gingko biloba may reduce effectiveness

79
Q

Potassium-sparing Diuretics depletions and interactions

A

depletes: folic acid
increased renal absorption of potassium, long term increased urinary zinc excretion
negative interactions with CoQ10, fish oil which can lower BP, gingko biloba may reduce effectiveness

80
Q

Oral Contraceptives depletions and interactions

A

deplete B6, Folic Acid, Mg

interacts with St. John’s Wort, green tea catechins, can increase serum iron and copper levels

81
Q

Oral Hypoglycemics (metformin, avandia, diabeta, glucotrol etc) depletions and interactions

A

depletes: B12 and folic acid
negatively interacts with ALA, Bilberry, Chronmium, Garlic, Gingko Biloba, Ginseng, Green Tea Catechins, Melatonin, and St. John’s Wort

82
Q

Carbs are transferred and absorbed by….

A

facilitated diffusion

83
Q

Amino acids and ions are absorbed through…

A

active transport

84
Q

The bioavailability of phosphorous increases with concurrent ingestion of ___________ and decreases with concurrent ingestion of ____________________.

A

vitamin D, calcium

85
Q

How much protein is required for the first year of life?

A

1.6 g/kg

86
Q

Bayberry is used for?

A

uterine hemmorhage, jaundice, canker sores

87
Q

Nutrient found in beer, barley, wheat bran, bananas, green beans, root veg

A

silicon

88
Q

The RQ or respiratory quotient of protein is

A

.8

89
Q

BCNS recertification allows how many credits for audited courses?

A

8

90
Q

Excess selenium can cause…

A

garlic odor breath, brittle hair and nails, rashes

91
Q

celiac disease is commonly paired with this condition?

A

anemia

92
Q

Molybdenum is…

A

a cofactor for sulfide oxidase, involved in uric acid metabolism, and is an antioxidant

93
Q

Kidney stones risk is decreased by consumption of

A

alcohol and coffee

94
Q

Creatine is synthesized from which amino acids

A

glycine, arginine, and methionine

95
Q

People who have nose polyps or asthma are sensitive to…

A

salicylates

96
Q

Herbs to treat arthritis?

A

comfrey, black walnut, arnica

97
Q

What mineral is responsible for the brown color of adipose tissue?

A

iron

98
Q

What herbs are carminative (help to relieve gas and bloating)?

A

cardamom, Colt’s foot, and fennel

99
Q

Herbs that are a part of the ragweed family?

A

chamomile, milk thistle, wormwoof, golden seal

100
Q

What is a TH-2 immune response?

A

The Th2-type cytokines include interleukins 4, 5, and 13, which are associated with the promotion of IgE and eosinophilic responses in atopy, and also interleukin-10, which has more of an anti-inflammatory response.

101
Q

What is a TH-1 immune response?

A

Th1-type cytokines tend to produce the proinflammatory responses responsible for killing intracellular parasites and for perpetuating autoimmune responses.

102
Q

Bioavalability of copper is reduced by….

A

alcohol, zinc, and fructose

103
Q

What hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb sodium>

A

aldosterone

104
Q

Some conditions that would present with elevated homocysteine include…

A

Alzheimer’s, cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerosis

105
Q

What gene predisposes one to celiac disease

A

HLA-DQ2

106
Q

What mineral activates vitamin K clotting factors?

A

calcium

107
Q

What is betahydroxybutyrate?

A

a ketone with benefits for weight loss, brain health

108
Q

Alkaline phasphatase enzyme is dependent on what mineral?

A

zinc

109
Q

Cold sores are a sign of _______ deficiency.

A

zinc

110
Q

The Urea cycle takes place only in the……

A

liver

111
Q

What is the urea cycle?

A

The breakdown and elimination of excess amino acids or Nitrogen.

112
Q

Aldosterone production is stimulated by ___________ and ____________.

A

angiotensin II triggers cholesterol to make aldosterone, or if potassium levels go up aldosterone is stimulated

113
Q

Anesthetics can deplete ___________status.

A

vitamin B12

114
Q

What hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and is correlated with an increase in body fat percentage?

A

leptin

115
Q

Alcohol or substance abuse can lead to both primary and secondary malnutrition. What are they?

A

Primary malnutrition is a greater risk for food insecurity due to lack of access. Secondary malnutrition is when the substance like alcohol interferes with the bodies’ ability to digest and absorb.

116
Q

What mineral will leech out of food if boiled too long?

A

potassium

117
Q

Salmon should be cooked to _____degrees.

A

145

118
Q

Seafood, cereal, spinach, apples grape juice all contain this mineral.

A

arsenic

119
Q

Deficiency in this mineral can lead to alopecia, diarrhea, dermatitis, anorexia.

A

zinc

120
Q

vitamin____ & vitamin _____ are synergistic.

A

C & E. C helps to regenerate E

121
Q

Osteopenia can be helped with a ________ diet.

A

alkaline

122
Q

How many grams of carbohydrates should one consume in pregnancy?

A

175 grams

123
Q

Dietary intake of ______Does not increase during pregnancy.

A

calcium

124
Q

Exudative diarrhea

A

Exudative diarrhea occurs with the presence of blood and pus in the stool. This occurs with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, and other severe infections such as E. coli or other forms of food poisoning.

125
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too many solutes — the components of the food you eat — stay in your intestine and water can’t be absorbed properly. This excess water causes your bowel movements to be loose or more liquid than solid.

126
Q

Secretory Diarrhea

A

Secretory diarrhea occurs when your body secretes electrolytes into your intestine. This causes water to build up. It can be caused a number of factors, including: bacterial infection such as salmonella and E. coli. parasites such as cryptosporidium and Giardia.

127
Q

3 immune boosting herbs

A

echinacea, goldenseal, astragalus

128
Q

How do you calculate IBW for men and women?

A

Males: IBW = 50 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet. Females: IBW = 45.5 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet

129
Q

Avoid these herbs before surgery…

A

gingko, garlic, ginseng

130
Q

What mineral deficiency may cause restless leg syndrome?

A

iron

131
Q

What is geophagia, amylophagia, and pagophagia?

A

geopphagia = eating clay, amylophagia = a condition involving the compulsive consumption of excessive amounts of purified starch, pagophagia = consumption of ice

132
Q

What is the leading risk factor for kidney disease?

A

diabetes

133
Q

The amino acid used in anxiety related conditions like panic attacks?

A

glycine

134
Q

3 types of sports anemias include:

A

1) hemodilution - decreased concentration (as after hemorrhage) of cells and solids in the blood resulting from gain of fluid
2) foot-strike anemia - the shock of multiple foot strikes per mile of running damages red blood cells
3) iron deficiency anemia

135
Q

muscle spasms, cramps, or tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles) can be a result of….

A

hypocalcemia

136
Q

What vitamin is needed in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway for transketolase reactions?

A

vitamin B1

137
Q

When a woman is iron deficient during pregnancy this can lead to…?

A

anemia, an infant with low iron stores, preterm delivery

138
Q

______moves cholesterol from liver to other parts of the body.

A

LDL

139
Q

______is given excess cholesterol to take back to liver for recycling out of the body.

A

HDL

140
Q

_______travels to other organs and is transformed when muscle and adipose tissues extract triglycerides into______.

A

VLDL ; LDL

141
Q

Steps of RAAS system - Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

A

liver releases angiotensinogen, kidnneys shoot out renin the enzyme, makes angiotensin I which travels to lungs where an ACE enzyme is released, and makes angiotensin II which travels to adrenals and triggers release of aldosterone which lowers blood pressure, and decreases potassium. Angiotensin II also causes vasocontrictions in arterioles.

142
Q

ADH or vasopressin is release by_________________ & is triggered by ___________.

A

the posterior pituituary gland ; high blood concentration or high osmolarity , or low blood volume

143
Q

glutathione is made up of ______, ______, & ________.

A

glutamine, glycine & cysteine

144
Q

In end stage renal disease this vitamin can lower phosphate levels?

A

vitamin B3 niacin

145
Q

Reactive hypoglycemia is associated with

A

galactosemia, glycogen storage disease, and gastric bypass surgery

146
Q

What disease would require a prolamin-free diet? \

A

Celiac Disease. Prolamins are a group of plant storage proteins having a high proline amino acid content and are found in wheat, barley, rye, oats etc.

147
Q

Natural licorice should be avoided with what drugs?

A

digoxin, amlodipine, acebutolol

148
Q

Percentiles for weight - underweight, normal, overweight, obese

A

Under 5th percentile is underweight, 85-95th percentile is overweight, and 95th-99th percentile is obese

149
Q

This mineral mimics the effects of insulin on adipocytes

A

vanadium

150
Q

Female athlete triad includes:

A

amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and disordered eating

151
Q

What enzyme is an irreversible step in the CAC?

A

citrate synthase

152
Q

Chromium absorption is increased by what vitamin?

A

vitamin C

153
Q

The macrobiotic diet avoids:

A

processed foods, dairy, meat, coffee, sugar, and nightshades

154
Q

What amount of iron is needed for pregnant women?

A

27 mg/ day

155
Q

Anthrocyclines inhibit synthesis of what nutrient?

A

COQ10

156
Q

How high should food items be stored from the ground?

A

6” off ground

157
Q

Herbs that are cholagogues do what? Name five.

A

Stimulate flow of bile from the gallbladder; milk thistle, dandelion, goldenseal, ginger, barberry

158
Q

Complete plant sources of protein

A

buckwheat, quinoa, soy bean

159
Q

Which B Vitamins have a TUL?

A

Folate 1000 mcg per day and B6 100 mg per day

160
Q

A nutrient required by an enzyme for full activation

A

cofactor

161
Q

What nutrients are cofactors for pyruvate phosphokinase?

A

Potassium and Mg

162
Q

What is Wilson’s temperature syndrome?

A

body temp is under 98.6 unsually lower than 97.8 a type of hypothyroid disease

163
Q

What vitamin is involved in the synthesis of carnitine?

A

vitamin C

164
Q

Compounds found in eggs include:

A

lecithin, albumin, globulin

165
Q

Impaired wound healing is a sign of what vitamin or mineral def?

A

vitamin A, C, zinc

166
Q

With absence of B12, ______is inactive.

A

folate

167
Q

What mineral is found in pesticides and contributes to Parkinsons?

A

manganese

168
Q

What plant chemical can prevent prostate cancer?

A

lycopenes

169
Q

PRAL stands for

A

potential renal acid load, describes a given foods effect on acidic load

170
Q

Niacin flushing can be helped by what compound found in plants?

A

quercitin (apples are one source)

171
Q

Longterm PPI use can cause what health issues?

A

digestive upset and bone issues: IBS, SIBO, osteoporosis

172
Q

Polyphenols block the absorption of vitamin ____.

A

B1

173
Q

Two nutrients that DO NOT increase with pregnancy

A

vitamin D, and biotin

174
Q

_______interferes with Mg absorption.

A

Zinc

175
Q

Vitamin ____ is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis.

A

B12

176
Q

Two B vitamins that compete with each other are:

A

vitamin B5 and B7

177
Q

If silicon intake increases, ___________ decreases.

A

molybdenum

178
Q

What is sideroblastic anemia?

A

It is a microcytic anemia, defect of protoporphyrin synthesis which is needed to combine with iron to form HEME. Therefore iron increases but body is unable to form heme or globin. Causes: alcoholism, B6 deficiency, lead poisoning. labs: decreased Hb, Hct, RBC, MCV, serum iron increased, ferritin increased and TIBC low

Esosa's CNS Review (3 decks)

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