Practice Test Review Flashcards
How do you calculate BMI?
BMI = weight (lbs) / Height (in squared) OR BMI = weight in kg / Height in m squared
How many grams of carbs should a pregnant woman consume?
150 grams
What is an oil source of omega-3 fatty acids?
canola oil
What is the protein requirement for young adolescents?
.95 grams/ kg
What is the RDA for calcium in late adolescence?
1300 mg/ day
In renal failure, as kidney function decreases, serum creatinine_________.
increases
Pancreas synthesizes both ________ & ___________.
insulin and glucagon
How are the skeletal muscles able to take up glucose without insulin during exercise?
Muscle contraction activate movement of glucose transporters from cytoplasm to cell membrane
When blood concentration of Calcium is low the___________________releases ________ to raise blood calcium levels.
parathyroid hormone, calcium
The extracellular resevoir is made up of ___________ & ________________.
plasma and interstitial fluid
What are phospholipids?
They help facilitate the circulation of fatty acids in body because fats are not water soluble
In the first phase of intestinal triglyceride digestion large lipids are dispersed into ______ to be further digested.
micelles
What substance stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic lipase?
secretin
What hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum?
CCK or cholecytokinin
____________________ is the metabolic process used by the body to synthesize non-essential amino acids.
Transamination
When glucose supply is limited the body produces _________ from fatty acids.
ketones
In order for short to medium chain fatty acids to be circulated away from small intestine, they are first bound to ___________.
albumin
Intestinal cells synthesize________to circulate long chain fatty acids away from the gastrointestinal tract.
chylomicrons
To be labeled enriched a food must have ___, ____, ____, and _____ added.
B1, B2, B3, B9
This vitamin assists in reduction/ oxidation reactions and several reactions that protect biological membranes from damage.
Riboflavin or B2
What vitamin is needed to make NAD+ and NADP+
Niacin
What is ariboflavinosis?
Riboflavin deficiency which includes: cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, muscle weakness, and confusion
What vitamins are required for the production of methionine from homocysteine?
Folate and B 12
Where is intrinsic factor made?
in the stomach
What nutrient can be produced from amino acids methionine and lysine?
carnitine
What happens to retinal in the enterocyte?
It is esterfied
Pituitary thyroid hormone and vitamin D act on _________ to increase calcium reabsorbtion.
kidneys
What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluids?
potassium
Low salt foods must have _____mg of sodium per serving.
140
S-adenosylmethionine is useful for ___________ and ______________>
arthritis and depression
Saccharamyces boulardii is used therapeutically for _______________.
diarrhea
The essential fatty acids most absorbed from diet include____________ and _____________________.
linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid
These nutrients increase during pregnancy….
choline, vitamin C, iodine, iron (nearly doubles), Mg, selenium, zinc
How long does pregnancy last? A preterm baby is delivered before ________.
40 weeks; 37 weeks
Convert cm to inches ?
multiply by 2.54
Convert cm to meters
divide 100
2 hormones & 1 enzyme produced by the kidneys and f(x)?
- erythropoetin - produced when decrease in oxygen to stimulate production of RBC
- Renin - an enzyme that is produced when BP goes down, it converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I - the lungs then convert into angiotensin II which elevates BP again
- Calcitriol or active form of vitamin D! When levels of calcium decrease parathyroid gland produces PTH; liver produces calcidiol - kidneys convert to calcitriol which increases calcium and phosphorous absorption in intestines, increases bone resorption, induces immune cell differentiation, and increases reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys y the nephrons
The alpha cells of the pancreas produce….
glucagon
The beta cells of the pancreas produce..
insulin
Stages of starvation. With low blood sugar, glucagon triggers which three processes at various levels of starvation?
- glucagon stimulates stored glycogen back to glucos through glycogenolysis (short term)
with continued fasting…. - glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis or use of proteins and other materials to make glucose
- Final and back up system glucagon will trigger ketogenesis by stimulating the liver to produce ketones the bodies emergency food supply
What is NHANES?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is a program of studies designed to asses the health and nutrition status of adults and children in the US - includes interviews, physical examinations, demographic, socioeconomic and dietary related Questions
Hykalemia is associated with ______________________.
metabolic acidosis
Increase CO2 producion, increased carbonic acid production, decrease in pH, kidneys excreting base.
metabolic acidosis
What percentage of people 50 years old or older have osteoporosis?
55%
Osteocalcin depends on ________for synthesis.
vitamin K
End products of bacterial fermentation of malabsorbed carbohydrates are….
short chain fatty acids, hydrogen, CO2
Indicator of gastric insufficiency
chronic halitosis
Oral contraceptives deplete what nutrients?
folate
cytochrome P450
- detoxifies drugs by enabling excretion in bile or urine, 2. is located in the liver on the rough ER, 3. oxidizes lipophilic drugs and steroid hormones making them hydrophilic
Fluid accumulation in the stomach
ascites
cystic fibrosis
respiratory difficulties, digestive complications, as a result of genetic defect that results in inability to pump chloride ions across membranes
Anaroebic, 8-18 hours, nausea vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, also known as cafteria bug
clostridum perfringens
Which minerals would be disrupted by kidney disease?
Mg, Ca, Ph
Best predictor of cardiovascular death
Total cholesterol to HDL ratio
Foods considered high risk for contribution to foodborne illness are high in _________ and ____________.
Those that are high in protein and water
Most common fish toxin related to food poisoning in US
Ciguatera
6 Purposes of Medical Records
medical, legal, communication, financial, historical, evaluation
Physical conditions of anorexia may include________ and _________ and __________.
osteopenia, hypothyroidism hypercortisolism
Most common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease
diabetic neuropathy
Based on the USDA guidelines what percentage of kcal should be from saturated fat?
less than 10%
Maximum number of drinks per day for men and women
women 1, 2 men
Aspirin taken on a regular basis can deplete the body of…
iron
Proton pump inhibitors (ending in “azole”) depletions and interactions
depletes: iron, B12, Caclium decrease can lead to osteoporosis
interactions: golden seal and ginger
H2 Antagonists or histamine blocker depletion and interactions
deplete: calcium, iron, zinc, folic acid, vitamin D, B12
no interactions
Antibiotics depletions and interactions
depletes: folic acid, B1, B2, B6, B12, calcium, Mg, Potassium, vitamin K
interactions: Ca, Fe, Mg, Zinc, green tea catechins
Anticoagulants (Coumadin, Warfarin, Aspirin, etc) depletions and interactions
with prolonged use of aspririn - depletion of iron, warfarin interacts with vitamin K, bilberry, cod liver oil, Don Quai, evening primrose, feverfew, fish oil flaxseed oil, garlic, ginger root, gingko biloba, glucosamine, goldenseal, grape seed extract, milk thistle, vitamin E,K, and COQ10 can increase risk of bleeding
Antidepressants (Zoloft, Prozac, Paxil, Calexa, Lexipro) depletions and interactions
deplete: folic acid
contraindications with melatonin and St. Johns Wort
Antiepileptic Drugs interactions
use with caution iwth folic acid, gingko biloba, niacin, St. John’s Wort
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
ACE Inhibitors, ARB’s Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, Betablockers, Thiazide Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors (lisinopril, benazepril, etc) & ARB’s or Angiotension Receptor Blockers
depletions: zinc, increases serum potassium
interactions: avoid potassium supplements, licorice, salt substitutes
Calcium Channel Blockers (Norvasc, Cardizem) depletions and interactions
depletes: potassium
avoid: calcium (which may interfere with BP activity going down) and melatonin
Betablockers (metoprolol, atenolol, carvedilol) depletions and interactions
depletes CoQ10
avoid licorice, low sodium diet preferred
Antipsychotic Drug depletions and interactions
deplete B2; interact with echinacea, evening primrose, goldenseal, ginseng, gingko biloba, St. John’s Wort
Cholesterol Lowering Statins (Lipitor, “end in statin) depletions and interactions
depletes CoQ10
interacts with St. John’s Wort, vitamin A, red rice yeast
red yeast rice
contains levostatin which decreases cholesterol levels
Digoxin depletions and interactions
depletes calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, vitamin B1, potassium
interacts with Ca if high or low, Hawthron may enhance, St. John’s Wort may reduce serum levels of the drug
Loop diuretics depletions and interactions
Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, long term excretion of urinary zinc increases
depletions: Mg, Potassium, Zinc
negative interactions with CoQ10, fish oil which can lower BP, gingko biloba may reduce effectiveness
Thiazide Diuretics depletions and interactions
depletes: Mg, Potassium, Zinc
negative interactions with CoQ10, fish oil which can lower BP, gingko biloba may reduce effectiveness
Potassium-sparing Diuretics depletions and interactions
depletes: folic acid
increased renal absorption of potassium, long term increased urinary zinc excretion
negative interactions with CoQ10, fish oil which can lower BP, gingko biloba may reduce effectiveness
Oral Contraceptives depletions and interactions
deplete B6, Folic Acid, Mg
interacts with St. John’s Wort, green tea catechins, can increase serum iron and copper levels
Oral Hypoglycemics (metformin, avandia, diabeta, glucotrol etc) depletions and interactions
depletes: B12 and folic acid
negatively interacts with ALA, Bilberry, Chronmium, Garlic, Gingko Biloba, Ginseng, Green Tea Catechins, Melatonin, and St. John’s Wort
Carbs are transferred and absorbed by….
facilitated diffusion
Amino acids and ions are absorbed through…
active transport
The bioavailability of phosphorous increases with concurrent ingestion of ___________ and decreases with concurrent ingestion of ____________________.
vitamin D, calcium
How much protein is required for the first year of life?
1.6 g/kg
Bayberry is used for?
uterine hemmorhage, jaundice, canker sores
Nutrient found in beer, barley, wheat bran, bananas, green beans, root veg
silicon
The RQ or respiratory quotient of protein is
.8
BCNS recertification allows how many credits for audited courses?
8
Excess selenium can cause…
garlic odor breath, brittle hair and nails, rashes
celiac disease is commonly paired with this condition?
anemia
Molybdenum is…
a cofactor for sulfide oxidase, involved in uric acid metabolism, and is an antioxidant
Kidney stones risk is decreased by consumption of
alcohol and coffee
Creatine is synthesized from which amino acids
glycine, arginine, and methionine
People who have nose polyps or asthma are sensitive to…
salicylates
Herbs to treat arthritis?
comfrey, black walnut, arnica
What mineral is responsible for the brown color of adipose tissue?
iron
What herbs are carminative (help to relieve gas and bloating)?
cardamom, Colt’s foot, and fennel
Herbs that are a part of the ragweed family?
chamomile, milk thistle, wormwoof, golden seal
What is a TH-2 immune response?
The Th2-type cytokines include interleukins 4, 5, and 13, which are associated with the promotion of IgE and eosinophilic responses in atopy, and also interleukin-10, which has more of an anti-inflammatory response.
What is a TH-1 immune response?
Th1-type cytokines tend to produce the proinflammatory responses responsible for killing intracellular parasites and for perpetuating autoimmune responses.
Bioavalability of copper is reduced by….
alcohol, zinc, and fructose
What hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb sodium>
aldosterone
Some conditions that would present with elevated homocysteine include…
Alzheimer’s, cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerosis
What gene predisposes one to celiac disease
HLA-DQ2
What mineral activates vitamin K clotting factors?
calcium
What is betahydroxybutyrate?
a ketone with benefits for weight loss, brain health
Alkaline phasphatase enzyme is dependent on what mineral?
zinc
Cold sores are a sign of _______ deficiency.
zinc
The Urea cycle takes place only in the……
liver
What is the urea cycle?
The breakdown and elimination of excess amino acids or Nitrogen.
Aldosterone production is stimulated by ___________ and ____________.
angiotensin II triggers cholesterol to make aldosterone, or if potassium levels go up aldosterone is stimulated
Anesthetics can deplete ___________status.
vitamin B12
What hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and is correlated with an increase in body fat percentage?
leptin
Alcohol or substance abuse can lead to both primary and secondary malnutrition. What are they?
Primary malnutrition is a greater risk for food insecurity due to lack of access. Secondary malnutrition is when the substance like alcohol interferes with the bodies’ ability to digest and absorb.
What mineral will leech out of food if boiled too long?
potassium
Salmon should be cooked to _____degrees.
145
Seafood, cereal, spinach, apples grape juice all contain this mineral.
arsenic
Deficiency in this mineral can lead to alopecia, diarrhea, dermatitis, anorexia.
zinc
vitamin____ & vitamin _____ are synergistic.
C & E. C helps to regenerate E
Osteopenia can be helped with a ________ diet.
alkaline
How many grams of carbohydrates should one consume in pregnancy?
175 grams
Dietary intake of ______Does not increase during pregnancy.
calcium
Exudative diarrhea
Exudative diarrhea occurs with the presence of blood and pus in the stool. This occurs with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, and other severe infections such as E. coli or other forms of food poisoning.
Osmotic diarrhea
Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too many solutes — the components of the food you eat — stay in your intestine and water can’t be absorbed properly. This excess water causes your bowel movements to be loose or more liquid than solid.
Secretory Diarrhea
Secretory diarrhea occurs when your body secretes electrolytes into your intestine. This causes water to build up. It can be caused a number of factors, including: bacterial infection such as salmonella and E. coli. parasites such as cryptosporidium and Giardia.
3 immune boosting herbs
echinacea, goldenseal, astragalus
How do you calculate IBW for men and women?
Males: IBW = 50 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet. Females: IBW = 45.5 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet
Avoid these herbs before surgery…
gingko, garlic, ginseng
What mineral deficiency may cause restless leg syndrome?
iron
What is geophagia, amylophagia, and pagophagia?
geopphagia = eating clay, amylophagia = a condition involving the compulsive consumption of excessive amounts of purified starch, pagophagia = consumption of ice
What is the leading risk factor for kidney disease?
diabetes
The amino acid used in anxiety related conditions like panic attacks?
glycine
3 types of sports anemias include:
1) hemodilution - decreased concentration (as after hemorrhage) of cells and solids in the blood resulting from gain of fluid
2) foot-strike anemia - the shock of multiple foot strikes per mile of running damages red blood cells
3) iron deficiency anemia
muscle spasms, cramps, or tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles) can be a result of….
hypocalcemia
What vitamin is needed in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway for transketolase reactions?
vitamin B1
When a woman is iron deficient during pregnancy this can lead to…?
anemia, an infant with low iron stores, preterm delivery
______moves cholesterol from liver to other parts of the body.
LDL
______is given excess cholesterol to take back to liver for recycling out of the body.
HDL
_______travels to other organs and is transformed when muscle and adipose tissues extract triglycerides into______.
VLDL ; LDL
Steps of RAAS system - Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
liver releases angiotensinogen, kidnneys shoot out renin the enzyme, makes angiotensin I which travels to lungs where an ACE enzyme is released, and makes angiotensin II which travels to adrenals and triggers release of aldosterone which lowers blood pressure, and decreases potassium. Angiotensin II also causes vasocontrictions in arterioles.
ADH or vasopressin is release by_________________ & is triggered by ___________.
the posterior pituituary gland ; high blood concentration or high osmolarity , or low blood volume
glutathione is made up of ______, ______, & ________.
glutamine, glycine & cysteine
In end stage renal disease this vitamin can lower phosphate levels?
vitamin B3 niacin
Reactive hypoglycemia is associated with
galactosemia, glycogen storage disease, and gastric bypass surgery
What disease would require a prolamin-free diet? \
Celiac Disease. Prolamins are a group of plant storage proteins having a high proline amino acid content and are found in wheat, barley, rye, oats etc.
Natural licorice should be avoided with what drugs?
digoxin, amlodipine, acebutolol
Percentiles for weight - underweight, normal, overweight, obese
Under 5th percentile is underweight, 85-95th percentile is overweight, and 95th-99th percentile is obese
This mineral mimics the effects of insulin on adipocytes
vanadium
Female athlete triad includes:
amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and disordered eating
What enzyme is an irreversible step in the CAC?
citrate synthase
Chromium absorption is increased by what vitamin?
vitamin C
The macrobiotic diet avoids:
processed foods, dairy, meat, coffee, sugar, and nightshades
What amount of iron is needed for pregnant women?
27 mg/ day
Anthrocyclines inhibit synthesis of what nutrient?
COQ10
How high should food items be stored from the ground?
6” off ground
Herbs that are cholagogues do what? Name five.
Stimulate flow of bile from the gallbladder; milk thistle, dandelion, goldenseal, ginger, barberry
Complete plant sources of protein
buckwheat, quinoa, soy bean
Which B Vitamins have a TUL?
Folate 1000 mcg per day and B6 100 mg per day
A nutrient required by an enzyme for full activation
cofactor
What nutrients are cofactors for pyruvate phosphokinase?
Potassium and Mg
What is Wilson’s temperature syndrome?
body temp is under 98.6 unsually lower than 97.8 a type of hypothyroid disease
What vitamin is involved in the synthesis of carnitine?
vitamin C
Compounds found in eggs include:
lecithin, albumin, globulin
Impaired wound healing is a sign of what vitamin or mineral def?
vitamin A, C, zinc
With absence of B12, ______is inactive.
folate
What mineral is found in pesticides and contributes to Parkinsons?
manganese
What plant chemical can prevent prostate cancer?
lycopenes
PRAL stands for
potential renal acid load, describes a given foods effect on acidic load
Niacin flushing can be helped by what compound found in plants?
quercitin (apples are one source)
Longterm PPI use can cause what health issues?
digestive upset and bone issues: IBS, SIBO, osteoporosis
Polyphenols block the absorption of vitamin ____.
B1
Two nutrients that DO NOT increase with pregnancy
vitamin D, and biotin
_______interferes with Mg absorption.
Zinc
Vitamin ____ is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis.
B12
Two B vitamins that compete with each other are:
vitamin B5 and B7
If silicon intake increases, ___________ decreases.
molybdenum
What is sideroblastic anemia?
It is a microcytic anemia, defect of protoporphyrin synthesis which is needed to combine with iron to form HEME. Therefore iron increases but body is unable to form heme or globin. Causes: alcoholism, B6 deficiency, lead poisoning. labs: decreased Hb, Hct, RBC, MCV, serum iron increased, ferritin increased and TIBC low
