Things to know Flashcards
Form a pelvic diaphragm through which genitourinary and digestive tracts open to the outside
Levator ani and coccygeus muscles
What vessels stem cranially from the vaginal artery
uterine artery which then supplies caudal vesicle artery to bladder with ureteral and urethral branches
What does the uterine artery join with
Uterine branch of the ovarian artery, this is why we must ligate this artery in an ovariohysterectomy
What vessels stem caudally from the vaginal artery
Middle rectal artery, which supplies branches to the rectum and vagina
What is the cranial branch of the prostatic artery
Artery of the ductus deferens, which gives off the caudal vesicle artery to the bladder with ureteral and urethral branches before continuing to ductus deferens
What is the caudal branch of the prostatic artery
Middle rectal artery, supplies rectum, prostate, and urethra
What are the three branches of the artery of the penis
Artery of the bulb of the penis, deep artery of the penis, dorsal artery of the penis
Are the arteries of the penis paired? Why or why not?
Yes, they are paired because it plays an important role in the mechanism of erections
What are the three parts of the bladder
Apex, body, and neck
How many ligaments are associated with the bladder
3, median ligament of the bladder and two lateral ligaments of the bladder
What structure is the remnant of the fetal urachus and umbilical arteries
Median ligament of the bladder
Which nerve innervates the urethral muscle
Pudendal nerve
How many parts compose the male urethra
2, pelvic part (within the pelvis) and penile part (within the penis
How many parts of the penis are there, and what are they?
3, a root, a body, and a glans
Which artery supplies the corpus cavernosum in the root of the penis?
Deep artery of the penis
Is the retractor penis muscle distinct from the external anal sphincter at the level of the anus
Both muscles go to distinct areas, but the retractor penis muscle does share fibers with the external anal sphincter in the anal area
Which artery supplies the bulb of the penis
Artery of the bulb
Which muscle, when contracted, helps control venous return from the penis and helps maintain penile tumescence (keeping blood in/out to create an erection)
Ischiourethralis muscle
What allows the penis to bend around when the male dismounts during mating, but is still attached
There is a region of the body of the penis at the very beginning of it that is compressed from side to side and wrapped by a thick tunic
How many parts of the glans penis are there
2, proximal bulbus glandis, distal pars longa glandis
How exactly is the glans penis supplied with blood
There is no arterial connection between the bulbus glandis and the pars longa glandis, but venous channels do drain the pars longa glandis into the bulbus glandis
Bulbus glandis: branches of the dorsal artery of the penis
Pars longa glandis: far branches of external pudendal artery
Which arteries branch off of the caudal gluteal artery
Iliolumbar, cranial gluteal, lateral caudal, and dorsal perineal arteries
Which artery and nerve supply the middle and deep gluteal muscles
Cranial gluteal artery and cranial gluteal nerve
What does the external iliac artery become
When it passes through the vascular lacuna, it becomes the femoral artery
What is the only branch from the external iliac artery
Deep femoral artery, branches off right before vascular lacuna and courses caudally
What are the branches of the deep femoral artery
External pudendal artery and caudal epigastric artery
What does the medial circumflex femoral artery supply
Adductor muscle, vastus medialis muscle, obturator muscles, hip joint capsule, (deep branch) and semimembranosus muscles (transverse branch)
What are the branches, in order, of the femoral artery
Superficial circumflex iliac artery, lateral circumflex femoral, proximal caudal femoral artery, saphenous artery, descending genicular artery, and middle and distal caudal femoral artery
Which vein is being punctured for venipuncture on the lateral side of the back leg
Cranial branch of the lateral saphenous vein
Disregarding the branches and starting with the aorta, what is the main artery called as it courses down the hindlimb
Aorta–>external iliac–>femoral–>popliteal–>cranial tibial–>dorsal pedal
Which nerves arise from the lumbosacral plexus
Cranial and caudal iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, lateral cutaneous femoral, genitofemoral, obturator, femoral, pudendal, caudal cutaneous femoral, caudal gluteal, cranial gluteal, and sciatic
Which nerve supplies the branches that innervate the rectal/anal area and reproductive anatomy
Pudendal nerve
What is the only nerve to innervate the superficial gluteal
Caudal gluteal nerve
When the cranial branch of the saphenous artery reaches the metatarsus, what happens
It divides into three dorsal common digital arteries
When the caudal branch of the saphenous artery reaches the tarsus, what happens
It becomes the medial plantar artery, which will have three branches (plantar common digital arteries)
What is the autonomous zone of the genitofemoral nerve
Proximal part of the medial thigh from the penis/pelvic midline to roughly mid way down the thigh
What is the autonomous zone of the saphenous nerve
Medial aspect of the leg from the stifle to the tarsocrural joint (includes the stifle itself)
What is the autonomous zone of the fibular nerve
Dorsal aspect of the paw and digits all the way up to (across from) the tarsocrural joint, and the lateral aspect of the limb below the tarsocrural joint
What is the autonomous zone for the tibial nerve
Palmar aspect of the paw and digits up to the tarsocrural joint
What is the autonomous zone of the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
Lateral aspect of the upper limb from the later lumbar/beginning sacral area of the spine to just about the stifle on the cranial thigh
What is the autonomous zone of the sciatic nerve
Caudal lateral aspect of the leg from roughly the stifle joint to just below the tarsocrural joint
What is the autonomous zone of the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
Caudal aspect of the upper thigh from the lateral midline of the upper limb wrapping around to the the back of the thigh almost to the testicles/vulva area
Which ligament is destroyed during a neuter
Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
What exactly happens in a dog that is cryptorchid
Either the inguinal canal closed too early and testes did not have time to move through or the testes did not descend fast enough to get through the canal before it closes
In a cryptorchid, what is the difference between intrainguinal and intrabdominal
In intrabdominal, the testicle gets stuck at the deep ring of the inguinal canal. In intrainguinal, the testicle gets stuck within the inguinal canal
Which muscle gives rise to the cremaster muscle
It is a thin strip off of the internal abdominal oblique that goes to the testicles
Where does the deep inguinal ring sit
Sits on the edge of the internal abdominal oblique
What wraps around the testicle as it descends through the inguinal canal
It will be wrapped in peritoneum
What is the double layer of peritoneum around the testicle called
Vaginal tunic
Is the cremaster muscle inside or outside of the vaginal tunic
It is against the vaginal tunic, but outside the parietal peritoneum (outermost layer of vaginal tunic)
In the male, which structures are enveloped by the vaginal tunic
Testis, spermatic cord, external pudendal artery and vein, and genitofemoral nerve
What surrounds both the cremaster muscle and the structures within the vaginal tunic
Spermatic fascia
What is the type of innervation in the nerve plexus of the testicles
It is autonomic and sensory and contains postganglionic sympathetic axons
Within the vaginal tunic, is the ductus deferens in the same space as the testicular vessels and nerves
Not quite, the vessels and nerves are in a pocket called the mesorchium, and the ductus deferens is in a pocket called the mesoductus deferens
When performing a neuter, what ligament must you break in order to remove the testicle through the incision in the scrotum
Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
Which vessels make up the pampiniform plexus
It is only the testicular vein wrapped and coiled many times in a pyramid fashion above the testicle. The testicular artery is within this area, but it is not included in this plexus
What direction do spermatozoa flow in the epididymis
They flow from head, to body, to tail
Where does sperm mature
Within the epididymis
What structure in the male would be the round ligament of the uterus/ovarian ligament in the female
Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
Why does the testicle need to sit outside the body cavity
Sperm needs to be kept at a specific temperature that is slightly lower that the temperature within the body cavity
Why does the pampiniform plexus wind all around the testicular artery
Blood coming in through the testicular artery is too hot, but blood leaving through the testicular vein is the same temperature as the testicle. Having the artery smothered by the vein caused heat exchange between the two so the excess heat is taken back to the body and levels out before reaching the testicle
What exactly is the purpose of the cremaster muscle
It attaches to the spermatic cord and contracts when the testicle gets too cold to pull it closer to the body
What muscle within the testicle causes the scrotum itself to shrink up around the testicle when it gets cold
Tunica dartos
Which two muscles exist to increase the temperature of the testicle
Cremaster muscle and the tunica dartos
What two things work to decrease the temperature of the testicle
Pampiniform plexus and location outside the body
What is the difference between an open castration and a closed castration
An open castration opens the peritoneal cavity via the spermatic cord, a closed castration removes the testicles without slicing them open and thus does not open the peritoneal cavity
How many ties (to tie off before cutting) would you need to perform a closed castration
2, as we are cutting straight through scrotum and all
How many ties (to tie off before cutting) would you need to perform an open castration
4, we slice the scrotum open and need two ties for the mesorchium and two ties for the mesoductus deferens
Which type of castration is better on small animals and why
Open castration because a surgical sweet, in theory, should be sterile enough that the peritoneal cavity is not exposed to anything that would kill the dog, and patients are usually sent home on precautionary antibiotics anyway
Which type of castration would be better for a large/farm animal
Closed castration because these situations are usually more about quantity than quality, so to speak, and these animals cannot always be loaded up for surgery for a simple neuter. While bleeding is more of a risk with this type, it will only happen for a small percentage of these procedures
What is the difference in the way pigs are often castrated
They tend to use the pull method. The scrotum is opened and the cords are yanked so they snap and the testicle comes out. Bleeding is certainly a risk with this method as well, and it is far less commonly performed in cats
Besides bleeding, what is a major possible risk to using the pull castration method
Because of the way the ductus deferens runs from the epididymis to the prostate, yanking it can rip a ureter off the bladder
Which layer of the penis is closest to the urethra
Corpus spongiosum
Which layer of the penis is bilateral
Corpus cavernosum
What happens to the distal portion of the corpus cavernosum
It ossifies and becomes the os penis
What is the purpose of the tunica albuginea
It is a super thick layer that surrounds the layers of the penis so that the pressure is contained when the tissues swell with blood
Which part of the penis is free
Glans penis
Which artery supplies the corpus spongiosum
Artery of the bulb of the penis
Which artery supplies the corpus cavernosum
Deep artery of the penis
Which artery supplies the glans penis
Dorsal artery of the penis
How does blood flow from the aorta to the penis
Internal iliac artery –> internal pudendal artery –> artery of the penis (which will then split into the artery of the bulb of the penis, the deep artery of the penis, and the dorsal artery of the penis)
Which muscle covers the corpus spongiosum
The bulbospongiosus muscle
Which muscle covers the corpus cavernosum
The ischiocavernosus muscle
Is the retractor penis muscle smooth or striated
It is smooth muscle that runs the ventral length of the penis
Which part of the penis is responsible for mating dogs being tied together end to end
The bulbus glandis within the glans penis
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel A(V) Girls Vagina, Ah Heaven
Cranial nerves in order: Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Trigeminal (V), Abducens (VI), Facial (VII), Vestibulocochlear (VIII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI), and Hypoglossal (XII)
What does special visceral afferent mean
These are fibers that go towards the CNS and are related to the gastrointestinal tract (smell, taste, etc.)
What does special somatic afferent mean
These are fibers that go towards the CNS and are related to vision, hearing, and balance
What does general somatic efferent mean
These are fibers that carry motor impulses to somatic skeletal muscles (those related to vision, hearing, and balance)
What does general visceral efferent mean
These are fibers that carry signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands as part of the autonomic nervous system (innervates the things not under voluntary control)
What does general somatic afferent mean
These are fibers that innervate the surface of the body and carry information back to the brain as far as sensing touch, temperature, and pain
What does general visceral afferent mean
These are fibers that carry information such as distention and/or chemical conditions back to the brain from organ systems, blood vessels, etc.
What does special visceral efferent meant
These are nerve fibers that carry signals to the pharyngeal arches
Which cranial nerves pass through the cribriform foramina
Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)
Which cranial nerves pass through the optic canal
Cranial nerve II (optic nerve)
Which nerves pass through the orbital fissure
Cranial nerve III (trochlear nerve), ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V), cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve),
Are there any cranial nerves that do not exit the skull
Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) does not exit
Which nerves exit through the tempano-occipital fissure
Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), cranial nerve X (vagus nerve), and cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)
LR6 Do4 Rest3
Innervation in the eye:
Lateral rectus and Retractor bulbi are innervated by cranial nerve 6
Dorsal oblique is innervated by cranial nerve 4
All the rest of the eye muscles innervated by cranial nerve 3
Generally, where do the nerves in the hind limb arise from
Lumbosacral plexus
Which spinal cord segments give rise to the sciatic nerve
Branches from L6, L7, S1, and S2
What muscle does the femoral nerve emerge from
Iliopsoas muscle
Which two heads of the quadriceps muscle does the femoral nerve dive between
Vastus medialis and rectus femoris
What three muscles does the femoral nerve innervate
Iliopsoas, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris
Which nerve is responsible for the extension of the genual joint (thus allowing weight to be bared on the hind limb)
Femoral nerve
Which nerve innervates the middle gluteal muscle, the deep gluteal muscle, and the tensor fascia lattae muscle
Cranial gluteal nerve
Which nerve runs with the internal pudendal artery
Pudendal nerve
What is the best area to approach from surgically if you need to access the caudal portion of the rectum or anal sacs
Ischiorectal fossa, it is behind the limb muscles, full of fat, and behind any opening into the pelvic or abdominal cavity
Which nerve and artery run through the ischiorectal fossa
Pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery
What is the largest nerve in the body
Sciatic nerve
Which nerve innervates the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles (caudal muscles of the thigh)
Sciatic nerve
What are the two main branches of the sciatic nerve
Common fibular nerve and tibial nerve
Which nerve innervates the craniolateral muscles of the crus
Common fibular nerve
Which nerve innervates the caudal muscles of the crus
Tibial nerve
Which nerve runs between the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle along with the popliteal artery
Tibial nerve
Innervates flexors of the tarsocrural joint, some extensors of the genual joint, and extensors of the digital joints
Common fibular nerve
Innervates flexors of the genual joint, extensors of the tarsocrural joint, and flexors of the digital joints
Tibial nerve
What happens if the sciatic nerve is injured higher up on the limb
There will be no motor innervation to the entire limb below the genual joint because you have essentially cut off all function of the tibial and common fibular nerves
Which two nerves innervate the cranial and caudal areas of the upper thigh
Lateral cutaneous femoral nerve (cranial/lateral thigh)
Caudal cutaneous femoral nerve (caudal thigh)
Which nerve innervates the upper thigh medially
Genitofemoral nerve
Which nerve innervates the lateral and caudal crus
Sciatic nerve
Which nerve innervates the dorsal aspect of the hind paw
Common fibular nerve
Which nerve innervates the plantar aspect of the hind paw
Tibial nerve
Which branch off the aorta gives rise to the vessels of the pelvis and its associated viscera
Internal iliac
Which branch off the aorta gives rise to the vessels of the hind limb
External iliac
Which artery branches off in the area of the pelvic plexus
Prostatic/vaginal artery
What is our first branch from the external iliac artery
Deep femoral
Which artery branches off from the deep femoral artery and gives rise to the caudal epigastric arteries
Pudendoepigastric trunk
After the pudendoepigastric trunk branches off, what does the deep femoral artery become
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Which vessel runs in the same direction as the obturator nerve towards the caudal thigh
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Which nerve passes through the obturator foramen
Obturator nerve
Which nerve innervates the muscles that adduct the limb (medial thigh muscles)
Obturator nerve
At what point does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery
After the deep femoral branches off and the external iliac passes through the vascular lacuna
Which vessel dives into the quadriceps with the femoral nerve
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Which vessel supplies the sartorius muscle
Superficial circumflex iliac artery
What does the femoral artery become after the distal caudal femoral artery splits off just behind the genual joint
Popliteal artery
What does the popliteal artery become as it passes the head of the tibia
Cranial tibial artery
What does the cranial tibial artery become after it passes the tarsocrural joint
Dorsal pedal artery
What are the only unpaired veins on the hind limb
Medial saphenous and lateral saphenous
What connects the cranial and caudal branches of the saphenous veins together (so two cranials tied together in the front and two caudals tied together in the back)
Each is connected by an anastomotic branch
If you blow one of the saphenous veins, do you need to worry about certain areas not being drained properly
No. The medial and lateral saphenous veins both drain the plantar and palmar aspects of the paw due to the anastomoses between each of their cranial and caudal branches
What is the beginning of the digestive tract
Oral cavity
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity
Lips (rostral), cheeks (lateral), palate (dorsal), muscle between mandibles (ventral)
What are the two subdivisions of the oral cavity
Oral cavity proper (inside closed teeth), oral vestibule (between closed teeth and inside of lips)
What type of joint holds the teeth in the gums
Gomphosis joint
How many roots can an individual tooth have
1-3 roots depending on the type of tooth
From rostral to caudal, what are the four different types of teeth
Incisors, canines, pre-molars, molars
What are the different surfaces of a tooth
Lingual (touches tongue), vestibular (touches cheeks), contact (touching tooth to either side), occlusal (where superior arcade touches inferior arcade)
How many teeth does an adult dog have
42 teeth
How many of each type of tooth do adult dogs have on one side of the mouth
3 incisors on top and bottom. 1 canine on top and bottom. 4 pre molars on top and bottom. 2 molars on top, 3 molars on bottom
How many teeth do puppies have
28
Which teeth are not the same in puppies as they are in dogs
Puppies only have 3 pre-molars on top and bottom, and they do not have any molars
Which pre-molar is the one that puppies don’t have until adulthood
Pre-molar #1, they have deciduous versions of #2-4
Excluding surgery and/or trauma, in what order would a dog naturally lose teeth
From front to back
How many teeth does an adult cat have
30
How many of each type of tooth does an adult cat have on each side
3 incisors on top and bottom, 1 canine on top and bottom, 3 pre-molars on top, 2 on bottom, 1 molar on top and bottom
Do cats have pre-molar #1
Numbering starts from the back, so no. They have pre-molar #2-4 on top, and #3-4 on bottom
How many teeth does a kitten have
26
Are there any teeth that a cat has that a kitten doesn’t have
They have deciduous versions of all the same teeth except they do not have molars
At what age will all the deciduous teeth be erupted in puppies
2 months old
At what age will all adult teeth come in for dogs
7 months old
How many roots do incisors have
1
How many roots do canine teeth have
1 large root
How many roots do pre-molars have in dogs on the upper and lower arcade
Top: 1 has 1 root, 2 and 3 have 2 roots, 4 has 3 roots
Bottom: 1 has 1 root, 2-4 have 2 roots
How many roots do the molars have in dogs on the upper and lower arcade
Top: 1 and 2 have 3 roots
Bottom: 1 and 2 have 2 roots, 3 has 1 root
Where does the parotid salivary gland drain
Empties into the oral vestibule adjacent to the 4th pre-molar on the top
Where do the mandibular and monostomatic sublingual salivary gland drain
Open on papilla right behind the mandibular incisors to drain into the oral cavity proper
Where does the zygomatic salivary gland drain
Has many openings that drain into the oral vestibule at the 2nd molar on top
What are the three layers of the eyeball
Outer fibrous coat, middle vascular coat (uvea), inner nervous coat
How is the optic nerve different from the optic disk
Optic disk is where the optic nerve actually attaches to the retina in a small circle
Where is the aqueous humor
Anterior chamber between cornea and lens, posterior chamber between iris and lens
Where is the vitreous humor/body
Jelly in the vitriol chamber behind lens
Where is the aqueous humor produced
Ciliary bodies
Where is aqueous humor drained
Pectinate ligament
How does glaucoma happen
The angle of the pectinate ligament becomes too narrow and it cannot drain the aqueous humor. It builds up and increases pressure under the cornea
What would a photon pass through on its way to the retina
Cornea–>aqueous humor—>pupil/lens—>vitreous humor—>retina
What is responsible for eye shine and night vision
Tapetum lucitum, reflects photons
What is the difference between palpebral conjunctiva and bulbar conjunctiva
Palpebral= inside of eyelid Bulbar= reflection after the fornix curves around
What keeps tear fluid in the eye
Conjunctival sac when eyes are closed
Is the third eyelid behind the superior lid or the inferior lid
Sits behind the inferior eyelid
Describe the path of tear fluid from start to finish
Produced in lacrimal gland–> comes out into conjunctival sac–> drains into lacrimal puncta in the medial corner of each eyelid–> drains into lacrimal duct–> drains to lacrimal sac–> drains into nasolacrimal duct all the way to ventral nasal meatus–> opening of nasolacrimal duct
What is the only eye muscle to originate rostrally
Ventral oblique
What is the purpose of the trochlea (cartilage piece) above the eyeball
The dorsal oblique hooks into it so, when it contracts, it can rotate the eyeball laterally instead of just pulling it caudally
What are the three divisions of the pharynx
Oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx
Where do the palatine tonsils sit
Underneath the semilunar folds
Where is the opening of the auditory tube into the middle ear
Within the nasopharynx
Why does yawning help your ears pop
Auditory tube within the nasopharynx. Yawning releases the air in the tube so it can equalize and you have the same air pressure on both sides of them tympanic membrane
What is the only laryngeal cartilage that has two parts
Arytenoid cartilage
What anchors the laryngeal cartilages to the skull
Hyoid apparatus
What is the only bone in the hyoid apparatus that isn’t paired and crosses the midline
Basihyoid bone
What part of the laryngeal cartilage is attached to the vocal ligament/vocal cords
Arytenoid cartilage
Depending on the action (eating or breathing) what does the epiglottis actually block
Breathing through the nose: rests on soft palate and blocks oral cavity
Eating: blocks access to trachea
When swallowing, is the epiglottis actually moving at all
Not really, the geniohyoideus muscle pulls the rest of the larynx forward which, in effect, causes the epiglottis to cover the entrance to the trachea
What are the two categories of head muscle
Muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication
How many muscles of mastication open the mouth
1
How many muscles of mastication close the mouth
3
Which cranial artery senses blood pressure using baroreceptors
Internal carotid with the carotid sinus
As we go across the skull, what are all the arteries that make up the main arterial supply (no branches, just the main one)
Common carotid–> external carotid–> maxillary–> infraorbital
What is the difference between a fissure and a foramen
Fissure: space between two bones
Foramen: hole in bone
What is the largest cranial nerve on cross section
Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
Which nerve can be damaged by the buckle on a halter/halter style leash
Facial nerve (CN 7)
Which cranial nerve is directly responsible for the involuntary part of swallowing
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)
What is the longest cranial nerve in the body
Vagus nerve (CN 10)
Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Booties Matter More
How to remember which of the cranial nerves are motor and which are sensory
S= sensory
M= motor
B= both
