theroies Flashcards
describe structural theories ?
a macro approach focuses on institutions as they dictate our norms and values. society controls our actions.
describe action theories?
a micro approach which focuses on individuals and the way they interact with each other. we control society.
3-point social action summary?
.individuals act rather than react
.people make their own choices not controlled by social structures
. society is constructed from peoples meanings, interpretations, behaviours and negations
what idea do action theories reject?
they reject the idea that sociology is objective.
what do action theorists see social order as?
as a social construct, it is a product of individuals minds.
what are integrated theories?
a theory which combines structural and action theories.
who are our two intergraded theorist’s ( two A01 paragraphs)?
max weber and Giddens
what does max weber argue?
to understand how people operate you have to look at two factors-
1- what causes the behaviour
2- the meaning which they attach to that behaviour
how does weber’s study show level of cause?(evidence)
the protestant reformation brought about a new belief system, Calvinism
how does weber’s study show level of meaning? (evidence)
work took on a religious meaning for Calvinists, as they felt they could earn a place in heaven from there labour (it actually fed capitalism as the would constantly reinvest their money)
what are Weber’s four types of actions?
Instrumentally rational action- making a rational decision to achieve a goal
Value-rational action- action towards a goal for its own sake - has vaule behind it
Traditional action- routine or habit tasks
Affectual action- action that expresses emotion
name a strength of weber?
valuable corrective to the over-emphasis on structural factors which structural theories suffer from.
name 3 weaknesses of mark weber?
Schutz - Weber is too individualistic and cannot explain the shared nature of meanings
Weber’s ideas of action are too difficult to apply
Verstehen - we cannot still truly understand people’s meanings because we are not them!
what is giddens duality of structure?
structure and action ae two sides of the same coin.(one cannot exist without the other)
how does Giddens explain structuration?
our actions reproduce structures while these structures are what makes our actions possible.
according to Giddens what are the two features structure has?
rules - (laws and norms)
recourses- (both economic and power over others)
what are the two ways action can change structure ?
we reflectively monitor our actions- always reflect on our actions and the result of them.
unintended consequences - action may change structure but may not always be in the way that it was intended
name a strength of giddens ?
similar to weber- it makes a good attempt to bridge the gap between structure and action theories.
name three weaknesses of Giddens?
- archer - underestimates the capacity of structures to change through action
- craib- doesn’t explain what actually happens in society (just explains things that may be found when studying society.
-craib- doesn’t unite structure and action (assumes structures just a few rules and norms)
in integrated theories what does weber argue?
that level of cause equals level of meaning.
in integrated theories what does Giddens argue?
structure reproduces action and action changed structure.
action theories - why do we have different preconceptions and views?
our sense of reality is constructed through interactions with others.