thermoregulation (cold conditions)

Question 1

shivering

Answer 1

skeletal muscles contract in a rapid, uncoordinated manner, increase heat production

Question 2

vasoconstriction

Answer 2

skin arterioles constrict, by-pass arterioles dilate, less blood flows to skin surface, reduced heat loss by radiation

Question 3

sweating

Answer 3

sweat gland produces less sweat, less evaporation of sweat from skin surface, reduced heat loss through latent heat of vaporization

Question 4

hair erector muscles

Answer 4

hair erector muscles contract, hair stands erect, more air is retained against the skin, provides thicker layer of insulation, preventing heat loss by conduction/convection