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NS205 Nursing Fundamentals > Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The body process that balances heat production and heat loss to maintain the body’s temperature

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2
Q

Heat balance

A

When the amount of heat produced by the body equals the amount of heat lost

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3
Q

Hyperthermia

A

The body produces more heat than is lost

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4
Q

Hypothermia

A

The body loses more heat than it produces

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5
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

The rate of energy utilization the body requires to maintain essential activities such as breathing

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6
Q

Thyroxine output

A

Increased thyroxine output increases the rate of cellular metabolism throughout the body. An effect called chemical thermogenesis.

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7
Q

Chemical thermogenesis

A

The stimulation of heat production in the body through increased cellular metabolism

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8
Q

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and sympathetic stimulation/stress response

A

Neurotransmitters that mount a sympathetic nervous system response that can immediately increase the rate of cellular metabolism in many body tissues. Epi and Norepi directly affect liver and muscle cells, thereby increasing cellular metabolism

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9
Q

Fever

A

A protective immune response to foreign antigens within the body that increases the cellular metabolic rate, thus increasing the body’s temperature

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10
Q

Conduction

A

The process of heat transfer through physical contact of one surface with another surface.

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11
Q

Convection

A

The process of heat transfer through the fluid motion of air or water across the skin.

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12
Q

Radiation

A

The process of heat transfer with no physical contact.

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13
Q

Evaporation

A

The process of converting water to a vapor. The evaporation of sweat is a natural process to cool a heated body

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14
Q

Homeothermic

A

Newbors attempt to stabilize their core body temperature within a narrow range in spite of significant temp variations in their environment.
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15
Q

Normothermia

A

The usual range of body temperature

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16
Q

The normal temperature range for adults

A

Between 36-37.5 degrees celsius, 96.8-99.5 degree fahrenheit

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17
Q

Febrile

A

A patient who has a fever

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18
Q

Afebrile

A

A patient who does not have a fever

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19
Q

The 3 physiological mechanisms of hypothermia are:

A
  1. Excessive heat loss
  2. Inadequate heat production to conteract heat loss
  3. Impaired hypothalamic thermoregulation
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20
Q

Hypothermic temperatures are below..

A

36 degrees celsius (96.8 F)

At about 34 C (93.2 F) the body cannot function and death occurs

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21
Q

Extremely high temps of 41-42 C (105.8-108F) cause..

A

cell protein coagulation and cell death. In the brain, this produces irreversible damage.

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22
Q

Malignant hyperthermia

A

A potentially fatal inherited disorder that produces a serious reaction to volatile inhalational anesthetic gases and succinylcholine, a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.

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23
Q

Factors that increase the risk of hyperthermia

A

Age
Obesity
Medication
Unfamiliarity with a climate

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24
Q

Signs of hyperthermia

A

Paleness
Dizziness
Nausea and vomiting
Fainting

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25
Q

Advantages of oral temp

A

Accessible and convenient

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26
Q

Disadvantages of oral temp

A

Thermometer can break
Inaccurate after hot/cold food and drink
Pos. injury following oral surgery

27
Q

Advantages of rectal temp

A

Reliable measurement

28
Q

Disadvantages of rectal temp

A

Incovenient/unpleasant for pt
Rectal injury
Stool interference

29
Q

Advantages of axillary temp

A

Safe and noninvasive

30
Q

Disadvantages of axillary temp

A

Thermometer must be left in place for long time for accurate measurement

31
Q

Advantages of tympanic membrane temp

A

Accessible and fast
reflects core temp
Less scary for small kids

32
Q

Disadvantages of tympanic membrane temp

A

Can be uncomfortable
Possible injury if inserted too far
Wax interference

33
Q

Advantages of temporal artery temp

A

Safe and noninvasive
Fast
Less scary for kids

34
Q

Risks for hypothermia

A 
Outdoor exposure
Drugs
Trauma
Alcohol or drug abuse
Endocrine disorders
Dermatological disorder or pathology
Multisystem disorder (sepsis, shock)
35
Q

Three brand names for Acetaminophen

A

Tylenol
Tempra
Panadol

36
Q

Five brand names for Ibuprofen or Naproxen

A 
Advil
Motrin
Midol
Aleve
Naprosyn
37
Q

Ibuprofen and Naproxen are in what drug category?

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

38
Q

Acetaminophen uses

A

Pain or fever

NOT inflammation

39
Q

Ibuprofen uses

A

Pain
Inflammation
Fever

40
Q

Acetaminophen precautions

A

Potential liver damage with high doses or chronic use, especially with consumption of large amounts of alcohol

41
Q

Ibuprofen precautions

42
Q

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) uses

A

Pain
Inflammation
Fever
Prevention of stroke and heart disease

43
Q

Acetaminophen common side effects

A

Generally safe and adverse effects uncommon

44
Q

Common side effects with ibuprofen

A

Stomach upset, ulcer formation, bleeding

45
Q

Common side effects with ASA

A

Stomach upset
Ulcer formation
Bleeding

46
Q

Intermittent fever

A

The body temp alternates at regular intervals between periods of fever and periods of normal or subnormal temperatures. Common with some illnesses such as malaria

47
Q

Remittent fever

A

Such as with a cold or influenza, a wide range of fluctuating temperatures (more than 2C, 3.6F), all of which are above normal, occurs over a 24-hour period

48
Q

Relapsing fever

A

Short febrile periods of a few days are interspersed with periods of 1-2 days of normal temperature.

49
Q

Constant Fever

A

The body temperature fluctuates minimally but always remains above normal

50
Q

Fever Spike

A

A temperature that rises to fever level rapidly, following a normal temperature, and then returns to normal within a few hours. Often caused by bacterial blood infections

51
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

The result of excessive heat exposure and dehydration.
Signs include:
paleness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fainting and a moderately increased temperature

52
Q

Heat stroke

A

A more serious form of heat exhaustion that can be life threatening, generally have been exercising in hot weather, have warm, flushed skin, and often do not sweat.

53
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

Interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor released by macrophages in response to an infection

54
Q

Febrile seizures

A

Generalized seizures that usually occur in children as the result of rapid temperature rise above a rectal reading of 39C (102F)

55
Q

Fever phobia

A

Fear felt by caregivers about the harmful effects of a fever on a child, such as seizure, brain damage, and death

56
Q

Accidental hypothermia can result from..

A

Exposure to a cold environment
Immersion in cold water
Lack of adequate clothing, shelter or heat
Ingestion of alcohol or barbituates
Trauma or brain disorder interfering with temp regulation
Overwhelming sepsis

57
Q

Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)

A

The stimulation of heat production in the body through increased cellular metabolism. Also called chemical thermogenesis

58
Q

Frostbite

A

An injury of the skin resulting from freezing.

59
Q

Symptoms of mild hypothermia (32-35C, 90-95F)

A

Fatigue, slurred speech, poor condition and clumsiness, confusion inappropriate behavior, shivering, tachycardia and tachypnea

60
Q

Symptoms of moderate hypothermia (28-32C, 82-90F)

A

Depressed mental status, no shivering, depressed respirations, slow pulse or irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, pale or cyanotic color, hallucinations and come.

61
Q

Symptoms of profound hypothermia (body temp below 28C, 82F)

A

Absence of respirations and pulse, ventricular fibrillation, dilated and unresponsive pupils, and coma

62
Q

Defining characteristics of hypothermia

A 
Body temp below normal
Cool skin
Cyanotic nail beds
Hypertension
Pallor
Piloerection
Shivering
Slowed capillary refill
Tachycardia
63
Q

Hyperthermia blanket

A

An electronically controlled blanket that provides a specified temperature

NS205 Nursing Fundamentals (6 decks)

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