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NS205 Nursing Fundamentals > Mobility > Flashcards

Mobility Flashcards

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1
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Ribs, sternum, vertebral column and skull

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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

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3
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bones to other bones to form a joint.

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4
Q

Tendons

A

Connect bones to muscles and carry the contractile forces from the muscle to the bone to cause movement.

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5
Q

Cartilage

A

A type of flexible connective tissue found throughout the body

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6
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that produce the matrix for bone formation

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7
Q

At what age do the epiphyseal plates close?

A

Between 18 and 25 years old

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8
Q

Kyphosis

A

A convex curvature of the spine that may decrease mobility

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9
Q

Lordosis

A

A concave curvature of the spine that may decrease mobility

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10
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

A

Between 2-3 months old

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11
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

Between 7-19 months old

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12
Q

At what age does the skull reach full size?

A

By 16 years old

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13
Q

How are the long bones of children different from those of adults?

A

They are more porous and less dense. Have higher rates of fracture

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14
Q

How do bones grow in children?

A

Osteoblasts at epiphyseal plates produce new bone matrixwithin the diaphysis to increase the length of the bone. 1

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15
Q

What causes growing pains in children?

A

The bone growth causes some pain as muschles are pulled when bones grow quickly

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16
Q

What leads to a decrease in bone density in older adults?

A

When bone resorption exceeds bone formation

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17
Q

Sarcopenia

A

The process of muscle atrophy due to age

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18
Q

What causes joint stiffness, decreased flexibility and range of motion in older adults?

A

Tendons and ligaments in joints have decreased elasticity, strength and hydration.

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19
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of one or more sections of the lungs

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20
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slowness of movement

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21
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disorder that destroys the myelin sheath around nerves, disrupting transmission of nerve impulses.
Sensory/motor disturbances and alterations in bowel and bladder control

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22
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Characterized by degeneration of cartilage and bone in a joint, sometimes accompanied by bone spurs or bony growths on normal bone.
Normal process of aging due to wear and tear on a joint.

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23
Q

Parkinson Disease

A

CNS disorder caused by degeneration of neurons that produce dopamine.
More common in men than women.

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24
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon

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25
Q

Synovitis

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane

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26
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

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27
Q

Joint effusion

A

Presence of excess fluid

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28
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture

A

Thickening and contracture of the tissue beneath the skin of the palm and fingers

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29
Q

Gout

A

Builup of uric acid

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30
Q

Bunions

A

Hallux valgus, a lateral deviation of the big toe)

31
Q

Sprain

A

A stretching or tearing of ligaments

32
Q

Strain

A

A stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon

33
Q

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

Progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles causing difficulty with advanced motor skills (running, hopping) and progressive difficulty walking

34
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

A disorder of the connective tissues that affects the lungs, heart, blood vessels, eyes, and skeleton.
Causes individuals to have long limbs and digits compared to the rest of the body.

35
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Neurological disorder that affects the neurons responsible for voluntary muscle movement.
Symptoms include weakness or paralysis in the limbs, slurred speech, trouble swallowing, muscle cramps, and difficulty breathing

36
Q

Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome

A

A rare disorder that affects bone growth. May cause cleft lip/palate, polydacylt, short arms and legs, and tooth abnormalities

37
Q

Closed fracture

A

Bone breaks but skin remains intact. Also called a simpe fracture

38
Q

Open fracture

A

Bone breaks and protrudes through the skin.

39
Q

Complete fracture

A

Fracture involves the entire width of the bone.

40
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone fragments are still partially joined. Also called an incomplete fracture; occurs commonly in children

41
Q

Displaced fracture

A

Broken ends of bones move out of correct anatomical alignment. Also called an unstable fracture; requires immediate attention to prevent further damage to surrounding tissues

42
Q

Nondisplaced fracture

A

Broken ends of bones remain aligned. Also called a stable fracture

43
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone fragments into many pieces. Common in individuals with brittle bones, such as clients with osteogenesis imperfecta.

44
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

A fragment of bone is separated from the rest of the bone. May also involve displacement of surrounding tissues

45
Q

Linear fracture

A

Fracture occurs parallel to the bone’s axis

46
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Fracture occurs at a right angle to the bone’s axis.

47
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Fracture occurs diagonally to the bone’s axis

48
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Fracture spirals around the bone. Occurs as the result of a twisting force; occurs commonly in children as a result of the porous nature of their bones and sports injuries

49
Q

Impacted fracture

A

The two ends of the bone are forced together. Also called a buckle fracture; this is often seen with children’s arm fractures and hip fractures.

50
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Caused by a disease that weakens the bone. Diseases could include osteoporosis, bone cancer, and osteogenesis imperfecta

51
Q

Stress fracture

A

Caused by small repetitive forces on the bone. Often caused by participation in sports or exercise.

52
Q

Compression fracture

A

Bone is crushed. Occurs most commonly in vertebrae; common in clients with osteoporosis.

53
Q

Depression fracture

A

Bone is forced inward. Occurs commonly in skull fractures.

54
Q

Nonunion (fracture)

A

A fracture that shows no clinically significant progress toward complete healing for at least 3 months based on x-rays. May need to be surgically corrected.

55
Q

Delayed union (fracture)

A

Occurs when the healing process takes significantly longer than expected, usually more than 3-6 months.

56
Q

Malunion (fracture)

A

Occurs when the bone fragments join in a position that is not anatomically correct. May need to be surgically corrected

57
Q

What are some complications associated with fractures?

A

Compartment syndrome, deep venous thrombosis, fat emboli, infection, or loss of sensation.

58
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

A condition in which the tissue pressure in a muscle compartment exceeds the microvascular pressure, interrupting cellular perfusion

59
Q

Symptoms of compartment syndrome

A

Severe pain and tenderness, swelling, paresthesia, pallor, numbness or paralysis, and decreased or absent pulse and poikilothermia (normalization to room temperature) in the distal portion the affected limb.

60
Q

What are some methods to prevent compartment syndrome?

A

Elevation and ice to reduce swelling and delaying casting until the swelling is gone.

61
Q

Volkmann contracture

A

A deformity of the wrist, hand, and fingers caused by ischemia to the forearm, usually as a result of compartment syndrome.

62
Q

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

A

Occurs when a blood clot, or thrombus, forms in one of the deep veins, usually in the leg.

63
Q

Symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Redness and warmth of the skin, leg pain, cramping, and swelling.

64
Q

How is DVT usually treated?

A

Bed rest to prevent dislodgement of the clot, anticoagulants such as heparin or warfarin to prevent further clotting, thrombolytics such as tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to break down the clot, or surgery to insert a filter in the vena cava to prevent blood clots from traveling to vital organs.

65
Q

What are the three stages of bone healing?

A

Inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling.

66
Q

Inflammatory phase of bone healing

A

Damaged bone, blood vessels, and surrounding tissues.
Hematoma forms around the injury.
Machrophages and neutrophils invade the wound and destroy debris and bacteria.
Lasts a few days.

67
Q

Reparative phase of bone healing

A

Formation of fibrocartilage that creates a soft callus joining the fractured bone.
Endothelial cells form blood vessels in the damaged area
Endochondral ossification replaces soft callus and forms hard callus in the bone.
Lasts 6-8 weeks

68
Q

Remodeling phase of bone healing

A

Lamellar bone is formed creating a stronger bone and better blood circulation.
No scarring occurs due to bones being continually remodeled.

69
Q

Intracapsular hip fractures

A

Occur at the head or neck of the femur within the capsule of the hip joint.

70
Q

Extracapsular hip fractures

A

Occur within the trochanter region, which is between the neck and diaphysis of the femur.

71
Q

Intertrochanteric fractures

A

Take place between the neck and the lesser or greater trochanter

72
Q

Subtrochanteric Fractures

A

Occur immediately below the lesser trochanter

73
Q

Avascuar necrosis

A

Death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply; also called osteonecrosis

NS205 Nursing Fundamentals (6 decks)

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