Mobility Flashcards
Axial skeleton
Ribs, sternum, vertebral column and skull
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
Ligaments
Connect bones to other bones to form a joint.
Tendons
Connect bones to muscles and carry the contractile forces from the muscle to the bone to cause movement.
Cartilage
A type of flexible connective tissue found throughout the body
Osteoblasts
Cells that produce the matrix for bone formation
At what age do the epiphyseal plates close?
Between 18 and 25 years old
Kyphosis
A convex curvature of the spine that may decrease mobility
Lordosis
A concave curvature of the spine that may decrease mobility
When does the posterior fontanelle close?
Between 2-3 months old
When does the anterior fontanelle close?
Between 7-19 months old
At what age does the skull reach full size?
By 16 years old
How are the long bones of children different from those of adults?
They are more porous and less dense. Have higher rates of fracture
How do bones grow in children?
Osteoblasts at epiphyseal plates produce new bone matrixwithin the diaphysis to increase the length of the bone. 1
What causes growing pains in children?
The bone growth causes some pain as muschles are pulled when bones grow quickly
What leads to a decrease in bone density in older adults?
When bone resorption exceeds bone formation
Sarcopenia
The process of muscle atrophy due to age
What causes joint stiffness, decreased flexibility and range of motion in older adults?
Tendons and ligaments in joints have decreased elasticity, strength and hydration.
Atelectasis
Collapse of one or more sections of the lungs
Bradykinesia
Slowness of movement
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disorder that destroys the myelin sheath around nerves, disrupting transmission of nerve impulses.
Sensory/motor disturbances and alterations in bowel and bladder control
Osteoarthritis
Characterized by degeneration of cartilage and bone in a joint, sometimes accompanied by bone spurs or bony growths on normal bone.
Normal process of aging due to wear and tear on a joint.
Parkinson Disease
CNS disorder caused by degeneration of neurons that produce dopamine.
More common in men than women.
Tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon
Synovitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Joint effusion
Presence of excess fluid
Dupuytren’s contracture
Thickening and contracture of the tissue beneath the skin of the palm and fingers
Gout
Builup of uric acid
Bunions
Hallux valgus, a lateral deviation of the big toe)
Sprain
A stretching or tearing of ligaments
Strain
A stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon
Muscular dystrophy (MD)
Progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles causing difficulty with advanced motor skills (running, hopping) and progressive difficulty walking
Marfan Syndrome
A disorder of the connective tissues that affects the lungs, heart, blood vessels, eyes, and skeleton.
Causes individuals to have long limbs and digits compared to the rest of the body.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Neurological disorder that affects the neurons responsible for voluntary muscle movement.
Symptoms include weakness or paralysis in the limbs, slurred speech, trouble swallowing, muscle cramps, and difficulty breathing
Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome
A rare disorder that affects bone growth. May cause cleft lip/palate, polydacylt, short arms and legs, and tooth abnormalities
Closed fracture
Bone breaks but skin remains intact. Also called a simpe fracture
Open fracture
Bone breaks and protrudes through the skin.
Complete fracture
Fracture involves the entire width of the bone.
Greenstick fracture
Bone fragments are still partially joined. Also called an incomplete fracture; occurs commonly in children
Displaced fracture
Broken ends of bones move out of correct anatomical alignment. Also called an unstable fracture; requires immediate attention to prevent further damage to surrounding tissues
Nondisplaced fracture
Broken ends of bones remain aligned. Also called a stable fracture
Comminuted fracture
Bone fragments into many pieces. Common in individuals with brittle bones, such as clients with osteogenesis imperfecta.
Avulsion fracture
A fragment of bone is separated from the rest of the bone. May also involve displacement of surrounding tissues
Linear fracture
Fracture occurs parallel to the bone’s axis
Transverse fracture
Fracture occurs at a right angle to the bone’s axis.
Oblique fracture
Fracture occurs diagonally to the bone’s axis
Spiral fracture
Fracture spirals around the bone. Occurs as the result of a twisting force; occurs commonly in children as a result of the porous nature of their bones and sports injuries
Impacted fracture
The two ends of the bone are forced together. Also called a buckle fracture; this is often seen with children’s arm fractures and hip fractures.
Pathologic fracture
Caused by a disease that weakens the bone. Diseases could include osteoporosis, bone cancer, and osteogenesis imperfecta
Stress fracture
Caused by small repetitive forces on the bone. Often caused by participation in sports or exercise.
Compression fracture
Bone is crushed. Occurs most commonly in vertebrae; common in clients with osteoporosis.
Depression fracture
Bone is forced inward. Occurs commonly in skull fractures.
Nonunion (fracture)
A fracture that shows no clinically significant progress toward complete healing for at least 3 months based on x-rays. May need to be surgically corrected.
Delayed union (fracture)
Occurs when the healing process takes significantly longer than expected, usually more than 3-6 months.
Malunion (fracture)
Occurs when the bone fragments join in a position that is not anatomically correct. May need to be surgically corrected
What are some complications associated with fractures?
Compartment syndrome, deep venous thrombosis, fat emboli, infection, or loss of sensation.
Compartment syndrome
A condition in which the tissue pressure in a muscle compartment exceeds the microvascular pressure, interrupting cellular perfusion
Symptoms of compartment syndrome
Severe pain and tenderness, swelling, paresthesia, pallor, numbness or paralysis, and decreased or absent pulse and poikilothermia (normalization to room temperature) in the distal portion the affected limb.
What are some methods to prevent compartment syndrome?
Elevation and ice to reduce swelling and delaying casting until the swelling is gone.
Volkmann contracture
A deformity of the wrist, hand, and fingers caused by ischemia to the forearm, usually as a result of compartment syndrome.
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
Occurs when a blood clot, or thrombus, forms in one of the deep veins, usually in the leg.
Symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Redness and warmth of the skin, leg pain, cramping, and swelling.
How is DVT usually treated?
Bed rest to prevent dislodgement of the clot, anticoagulants such as heparin or warfarin to prevent further clotting, thrombolytics such as tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to break down the clot, or surgery to insert a filter in the vena cava to prevent blood clots from traveling to vital organs.
What are the three stages of bone healing?
Inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling.
Inflammatory phase of bone healing
Damaged bone, blood vessels, and surrounding tissues.
Hematoma forms around the injury.
Machrophages and neutrophils invade the wound and destroy debris and bacteria.
Lasts a few days.
Reparative phase of bone healing
Formation of fibrocartilage that creates a soft callus joining the fractured bone.
Endothelial cells form blood vessels in the damaged area
Endochondral ossification replaces soft callus and forms hard callus in the bone.
Lasts 6-8 weeks
Remodeling phase of bone healing
Lamellar bone is formed creating a stronger bone and better blood circulation.
No scarring occurs due to bones being continually remodeled.
Intracapsular hip fractures
Occur at the head or neck of the femur within the capsule of the hip joint.
Extracapsular hip fractures
Occur within the trochanter region, which is between the neck and diaphysis of the femur.
Intertrochanteric fractures
Take place between the neck and the lesser or greater trochanter
Subtrochanteric Fractures
Occur immediately below the lesser trochanter
Avascuar necrosis
Death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply; also called osteonecrosis
