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BIOLOGY: Survival through adaptations and regulation > Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Thermoregulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: thermoregulation

A

homeostasis of core body temperature

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2
Q

What is the main purpose of thermoregulation?

A

To ensure enzymes are at the correct temperature to carry out chemical reactions that are necessary for survival.

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3
Q

Name the 4 physical processes of heat transfer

A

Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
Radiation

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4
Q

Define: evaporation

A

Heat energy converts liquid water to vapour, taking heat with it.

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5
Q

Can evaporation cause heat gain?

A

NO. it only causes heat loss

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6
Q

List processes in which water can be lost from evaporation (B-SPLUT)

A 
Breathing?
Sweating
Panting
Urinating on themselves (squirrel monkey)
Licking,
Thermal gaping (crododile)
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7
Q

Why is sweating more effective in dry air than humid air?

A

Humid air cannot hold/remove as much water as dry air

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8
Q

Define: radiation

A

heat transfer from warm object to cold object, without physical contact
Gained: body environment

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9
Q

Define: convection

A

heat transer caused by the mass movement of air or water (currents) to areas of the body of different temperatures

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10
Q

In convection, what is the amount of heat transfer caused by?

A

The rate of movement of the current.

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11
Q

Define: conduction

A

Heat transfer from a warm object to a cold object via immediate physical contact.

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12
Q

Is heat transfer from conduction limited to the body parts that touch it?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Define: core body temperatue

A

The temperature of the organs and deep tissues. (NOT peripheral surface temperatures)

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14
Q

What is the average core body temperature in humans and the narrow range?

A

37 degrees, 36-39 degrees

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15
Q

Define: endothermic

A

Body temperature comes from internal metabolic heat, instead of from external sources.

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16
Q

Define: ectothermic

A

Body temperature is reliant on external sources of heat

17
Q

What groups of animals are endothermic?

A

Mammals and birds

18
Q

Does the cbt of ectotherms match the environment?

A

No, but they fluctuate with it.

19
Q

When does hypothermia occurs?

A

When the cbt drows below 35 degrees.

20
Q

Hypothermia stimulus?

A

Drop in cbt

21
Q

Hypothermia receptors?

A

Thermoreceptors in the skin, organs and hypothalamus

22
Q

Hypothermia modulator?

A

The hypothalamus, which sends nerve and hormonal messages

23
Q

Hypothermia response?

A

increased thyroxine production (which boosts metabolic rate), shivering, vasoconstriction, piloerection, behavioural changes

24
Q

When does hyperthermia occur?

A

WHen the cbt is over 39 degrees.

25
Q

Hyperthermia stimulus?

A

Increase in CBT

26
Q

Hyperthermia receptor?

A

Thermoreceptors in the skin, organs and hypothalamus

27
Q

Hyperthermia modulator?

A

Hypothalamus which sends nerve and hormonal messages

28
Q

Hyperthermia effectors?

A

Arterioles of blood vessels near skin, sweat clands

29
Q

Hyperthermia response?

A

Vasodilation, sweating

30
Q

Define: shivering

A

Involuntary contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles controlled by the hypothalamus, which produces heat

31
Q

Is shivering sustainable?

A

No, because it drains energy reserves of muscle tissue.

32
Q

Define: vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the arterioles near the skin

33
Q

How does vasoconstriction work?

A

Ring of muscles surrounding the arterioles near the skin contracts. Blood must travel through a shunt vessel which is further from the skin, causing less heat loss.

34
Q

Define: vasodilation

A

Relaxation of muscles surrounding the arterioles near the skin, resulting in more heat loss

35
Q

Define: piloerectoin

A

An organism’s hair stands on end, due to muscles tensing (controlled by nerve impulses from hypothalamus) at the hair follicle.

36
Q

How does piloerection conserve heat?

A

Traps a layer of air between the fur and skin - thus conserving heat

37
Q

Explain how the metabolic rate is increased, after cbt decreases.

A

Hypothalamus detects fall in blood temperate and produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
TRH stimulates pituitary gland to release thyroad stimulating hormone (TSH)
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine (produced in greater quantities in response to cold body temp)

38
Q

Name behavioural activities for altering heat gain/loss (SSSUBH-CE)

A 
Saliva spreading
Shade/sun
Sprawling (thermal window)
Urinating into hands and splashing themselves
Burrowing
Huddling
Clothes
Exercise
39
Q

Define: saliva spreading

A

lick parts of body with less fur and more blood vessels which can be more easily evaporated

BIOLOGY: Survival through adaptations and regulation (8 decks)

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