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Fundamentals Exam 2 > Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

core temperature regulated by…

A

hypothalamus/preoptic area

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2
Q

3 processes that regulate temperature

A

shivering - increase temp

sweating - decreases temp

vasoconstriction - increase temp/conserve heat

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3
Q

3 main parts for body temperature regulation

A
  • sensors
  • hypothalamus
  • effector system
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4
Q

where are the most sensors for temp regulation located in the body?

A

skin

-more for cold than warmth

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5
Q

Factors for affecting heat production

A
  • BMR
  • Muscle activity
  • thyroxine output
  • fever
  • epinephrine, norepinephrine, stress response
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6
Q

BMR

A

minimal amount of energy to sustain vital processes; changes throughout the day

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7
Q

muscle activity

A

increases BMR; muscles burn energy at rest

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8
Q

thyroxine output

A

hormone release by thyroid; metabolism

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9
Q

fever

A

raises BMR, therefore…heat

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10
Q

4 heat transfer processes

A
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • convection
  • evaporation
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11
Q

radiation

A

NO physical contact

heat transfer through electromagnetic waves

Ex: sunlight, warming hands by fire

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12
Q

conduction

A

transfer heat through direct touch

PHYSICAL CONTACT

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13
Q

convection

A

heat transfer in gas or liquid

Ex: hot air balloon

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14
Q

evaportation

A

liquid changes to a gas;

Ex: sweat evaporating on skin, boiling kettle of water

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15
Q

febrile response phases

A

chill and flush

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16
Q

chill phase

A

body warms itself to raise core temp to new set point.

-warms itself by peripheral vasoconstriction, shivering, warmth-seeking behaviors

“brain sets thermostat to high temp to inhibit growth - now the body does the work to get it there.”

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17
Q

flush phase

A

body cools itself

-cools itself by peripheral vasodilation, sweating, cool-seeking behavior

“brain sets thermostat to lower temp to return to homeostasis - now the body has to do the work to lower temp”

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18
Q

benefits of fever

A
  • protective mechanism
  • enhances neutrophils & t-lymphocytes
  • slows growth of bacteria and viruses
  • may slow growth of certain tumors
  • may act synergistically with penicillin
  • early exposure to fevers caused by infections may protect children from asthma, allergies, and cancer in adulthood
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19
Q

neutrophils

A

WBC that fights bacteria

20
Q

t-lymphoctyes

A

WBC that fights viruses

21
Q

hyperthermia

A
  • body temp increases uncontrollably
  • brain damage and death can occur
  • delirium, convulsions, coma
  • heat stroke/heat exhaustion
  • may be due to neurological impairment/brain injury
22
Q

malignant hyperthermia

A

rare response to anesthesia, can be deadly or inherited

-can be screened for genetic risk

23
Q

hypothermia

A

excessive loss of heat

-inadequate heat protection, impaired hypothalamic thermoregulation, vasoconstriction and tissue ischemia

24
Q

vasoconstriction for extended period of time….

A

ischemia or gangrene

25
Q

fever is controlled by…

A

hypothalamus

26
Q

fever and death/brain damage…

A

fever very rarely causes brain damage or death. however it can adversely affect critically ill patients

27
Q

antipyretics

A

used to prevent or reduce fever.

28
Q

Types of antipyretics

A
  • acetaminophen
  • ibuprofen
  • naproxen
  • aspirin
29
Q

acetaminophen

A

tylenol, tempra

  • acts on hypothalamus by peripheral dilation
  • liver damage with overdose
  • can be given q4-6 hrs
  • use with caution in liver disease
30
Q

ibuprofen

A

advil, motrin

  • NSAIDs
  • inhibits prostaglandin
  • q6-8 hrs OVER 6 mths of age
  • use with caution with kidney disease
31
Q

naproxen

A
  • NSAID

- over the age of 12

32
Q

aspirin

A
  • ASA
  • inhibits prostaglandin
  • NEVER to a child (linked to Reye Syndrome)
33
Q

newborn and thermoregulation

A
  • less SubQ fat
  • blood vessels closer to surface
  • brown adipose fat
  • premies have less brown adipose fat
34
Q

brown adipose fat

A

non-shivering thermogenesis

35
Q

children and thermoregulation

A

handle high temps well if healthy

36
Q

elderly

A
  • less SubQ fat
  • less active
  • sensitive to extremes in environment temp
  • thermoregulation not as efficient
37
Q

Types of Temperature Assessments

A
  • mouth/oral
  • rectum
  • axillary
  • tympanic membrane (ear)
  • temporal artery
38
Q

mouth/oral temp assessment

A

PRO:
-accessible, convenient

CON:

  • can break
  • inaccurate if ingested cold/hot liquid or smoked
  • could injure mouth after oral surgery
39
Q

rectum temp assessment

A

PRO:
-reliable measurement

CON:

  • inconvenient, unpleasant
  • difficult if patient can’t turn on side
  • stool may interfere
  • may be contraindicated in clients with cardiac problems
40
Q

axillary temp assessment

A

PRO:
-safe and noninvasive

CON:
must be left in place for a long time

41
Q

tympanic membrane

A 
(ear)
PRO:
-readily accessible
-reflects core temp
-very fast
-less scary for kids

CON:

  • can be uncomfortable
  • involves risk of injuring membrane
  • repeated measurements can vary
  • R/L can differ
  • presence of cerumen can affect reading
42
Q

temporal artery

A

PRO:

  • safe and noninvasive
  • very fast
  • less scary for children

CON:

  • requires electronic equipment that may be expensive or unavailable
  • variation in technique is needed if client has perspiration on forehead
43
Q

Culture & fever

A
  • ethnic differences in parental management of fever

- fever phobia in many cultures, ethnic groups

44
Q

hispanics and fever…

A

more likely to believe fever can cause brain damage and death

45
Q

African Americans and fever…

A

more likely to over treat with ibuprofen and more concerned about febrile seizures

Fundamentals Exam 2 (5 decks)

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