THERMOREGULATION

Question 1

Why do we house animals?

Answer 1

• control: growth, reproduction, health and diseases.
• manipulation: behaviour, feed, reproduction, longevity
• conditioning: climate, health and diseases

Question 2

measuring housing effects.

Answer 2

• hormonal levels
• fertility
• health and disease resistance
• vehaviour
• production
• growth
• heat production and heat loss

Question 3

housing mainly based on

Answer 3

• welfare
• economics
• social implications

Question 4

Homeostasis fig 1

Answer 4

First there is an environmental change, there will be a disruption of body equilibrium tat will trigger the Sensor. This will give a signal to the central nerbous system which couses a response behavioural metabolic rate that will target adaptation and regain body equilibrium.

Question 5

Energy reallocation FIG 2

Answer 5

Certain amount of food intake is excreted and the rest are available nutrients. These are divided in maintenance processes (protein turnover, physical activity, circulation and repiratory processes, thermoregulation, immunological processes, stress responses, digestion) and production processes (meat, milk, eggs, reproduction, work load, etc)

Question 6

Homeotherm

Answer 6

(tachy metabolic) = endotherm

• body temperature independt of environment
• active regulation by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 7

tachy metabolic

Answer 7

metabolism that is sustained at a relatively high rate.

Question 8

ectotherm

Answer 8

dependent on external sources of body heat

Question 9

endoderm

Answer 9

warm blooded animals. maintian constant body temperature indepdnet of the environment (birds, mammals

Question 10

poikilotherm

Answer 10

(brady metabolic)
body temperature dependent on the environment
- ectotherm: regulation through behaviour
- endotherm: regulation through activity
fish, insects, reptiles

Question 11

deep body temperature example

Answer 11

low fluctuations except for camel

Question 12

Heterotherm

Answer 12

An organism whose ability to regulate its body temperature is intermediate between an endotherm and an ectotherm. e.g. For where camels live, night really cold and day really warm. A lot of temperature variation, they can adapt.

Question 13

skin temperature

Answer 13

skin variable and dependent on environment. (chek this with the teacher)

Question 14

Heat loss from body to environment

Answer 14

core, skin surface
      - convection (blood)
      - conduction (fat/ muscle)
skin surface, environment
      - conduction
      - conduction
      - radiation
skin surface to environment
      - evaporation

Question 15

from inside skin to outside

Answer 15

Tb>Ts>Tf> Ta , Ta higher

Ta>Tf>Ts>Tb , Tb higher

Question 16

animals can influence H by changing..

and most important tissue insulation?

Answer 16

• internal insulation. Yes
• fur insulation. Yes
• air insulation. Difficult
• blood is the most important tissue insulation

Question 17

How does the counter current technique work?

Answer 17

• when it is cold body intends to retain temperature/heat in the body by vasoconstriction
• when it is too warm then the body intends to release heat by vasodilatation. less heat exchange in the body. most of the blood to the periphery (skin)

Question 18

artery, warm or cold?

Answer 18

contains warm blood from core of body

Question 19

vein, warm or cold?

Answer 19

contains cooled blood from the periphery of the body.

Question 20

acclimation

Answer 20

all reactions of an animal occurring after changing 1 specific environmental factor

Question 21

acclimatization

Answer 21

all reactions of an animal occurring after more complex changes in climate and/or housing conditions

Question 22

habituation

Answer 22

adaptation to a repeated stimulus that is initially experienced as a stressor, but later on not anymore

Question 23

any object can be considered as a ‘black body’

Answer 23

each object emits radiation with a wavelenght, therefore almost all light is absorbed and hardly reflected , that means no electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the object. because no light is emitted, it can be seen as a black object.

Question 24

most important maintenance processes

Answer 24

protein turnover
osmoregulation (Na/k pump) 
respiration
physical activity
blood circulation
stress 
immune system
fever 
thermoregulation