IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards
immune surveillance
immune surveillance: recognition, and removal of self oncogenic cells: cancer, or senescent cells
senescent cells
phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division
antigens
compound that initiates an immune response, either innate or adaptative.
tow types of immunity
- Natural/innate
Invariable
Fast and acute
Non-specific and board activity
Precedes and directs specific immunity
Training
- Specific
Adaptative, acquired
Very specific
Learning and lifelong maintaining
memory
Slow development (days, weeks)innate immunity functions
prevention of invection. degradation of microbes. first line of defence gaining time. activation of specific immunity. effector of specific immunity. no specific memory, but training. always present.
innate immunity components
physiological and anatomical barriers. White blood cells. Innate receptors (TLR, RIG, NOD). Complement system. Antimicrobial products: defensins, lysozyme, alfa and beta interferons, and many more. Acute phase proteins.
innate immunity example barriers
tight junctions in the skin, epithelial and mucous membrane surfaces, mucus itself ((check more bc there have to be))
MBL
Mannand binding lectin
MASP
Mannose associated serine protease
HLA complex
human leukocyte antigen complex
CDR
complementary determining regions (antibody binding sites)
isotype
have different heavy chains. a duplicate of the hologype of the species
allotype
identical constant regions with minor immunologic differences. an additional type specimen selected because of differences from the original type specimen
idiotypes
recognize different epitopes (CDR regions differ). a set of antigen-binding sites which characterizes the antibodies produced by a particular clone of antibody-producing cells.
affinity
strength of interaction between epitope and the antibody’s antigen binding site. in primari response low affinity, in secondary response high affinity
avidity
the accumulated strength of multiple affinities of individual non-covalent binding interactions (also called functional affinity)
afifinity = binding strenght of a single interaction (1 single Fab fragment + 1 epitope)
ADCC
antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. An immune response in which antibodies, by coating target cells, makes them vulnerable to attack by immune cells. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is commonly (and blissfully) abbreviated ADCC.
opsonization
is an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes. Without an opsonin, such as an antibody, the negatively-charged cell walls of the pathogen and phagocyte repel each other.
Superantigens (SAgs)
are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically it causes non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release
primary lymphoid tissues
production and education of lymphodytes interactions between auto antigen apc and lymphocytes
liver, thymus, bursa of fabricius, bone marrow, payer patches, intestinal tract
secondary lymphoid tissues
initiation and regulation of immune responses, interactions between exo antigen apc and lymphocytes
spleen, peripheral and mucosal lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal tract, liver, skin, gills, harderian gland in birds
succes of a vaccin depends on
generation memory t and b cells
presence in serum of neutralizing antibody
generation of cytotoxic t cells
properties of a good vaccin
ability to elicit the appropriate immune response. long term protection. safety. stable. inexpensive
types of vaccines
killing and modified live vaccines: wild type, attenuated, inactivated
subunit vaccines: purified, recombinant
dna vaccine
marker or deletion vaccines
in combination with diagnostic test. Discriminates between infection and vaccination
adjuvants
certain substances, when administrated simultaneously with a specific antigen, will enhance the immune response to that antigen
hepaten
non-immunogenic, but can react with the products of a specific immune response.
small spearable part of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody byt is incapable of stimulating antibody production except in combination with a carrier protein molecule
epitope
part of antigen that binds antibody
paratope
part of antibody that binds antigen
immune reaction influenced by
environment, hygiene, genotype, parental experiences, stress, nutrition, physiological status, age
pre natal experience is really important
MHC cogenic
is an inbred strain that contains a small genetic region (ideally a single gene) from another strain, but it is otherwise identical to the original inbred strain
miscellanous MHC
you can smell the MHC of your own species
you may dislike potential partners with similar MHC
MHC present on germ cells
Relation with avoidance of genetic homogeneity
cytotoxic hypersensitivity
local tissue damage
MALT
GALT
BALT
SALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
gut associated lymphoid tissue
bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
salivary associated lymphoid tissue
toll like receptors
play crucial roles in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes.
plgR
polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
polymorph nuclear cells
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, mastcell, intestinal mast cell
