IMMUNOLOGY

Question 1

immune surveillance

Answer 1

immune surveillance: recognition, and removal of self oncogenic cells: cancer, or senescent cells

Question 2

senescent cells

Answer 2

phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division

Question 3

antigens

Answer 3

compound that initiates an immune response, either innate or adaptative.

Question 4

tow types of immunity

Answer 4

-	Natural/innate
	Invariable
	Fast and acute
	Non-specific and board activity
	Precedes and directs specific immunity
	Training
-	Specific
	Adaptative, acquired
	Very specific
	Learning and lifelong maintaining 
        memory
	Slow development (days, weeks)

Question 5

innate immunity functions

Answer 5

prevention of invection. degradation of microbes. first line of defence gaining time. activation of specific immunity. effector of specific immunity. no specific memory, but training. always present.

Question 6

innate immunity components

Answer 6

physiological and anatomical barriers. White blood cells. Innate receptors (TLR, RIG, NOD). Complement system. Antimicrobial products: defensins, lysozyme, alfa and beta interferons, and many more. Acute phase proteins.

Question 7

innate immunity example barriers

Answer 7

tight junctions in the skin, epithelial and mucous membrane surfaces, mucus itself ((check more bc there have to be))

Question 8

MBL

Answer 8

Mannand binding lectin

Question 9

MASP

Answer 9

Mannose associated serine protease

Question 10

HLA complex

Answer 10

human leukocyte antigen complex

Question 11

CDR

Answer 11

complementary determining regions (antibody binding sites)

Question 12

isotype

Answer 12

have different heavy chains. a duplicate of the hologype of the species

Question 13

allotype

Answer 13

identical constant regions with minor immunologic differences. an additional type specimen selected because of differences from the original type specimen

Question 14

idiotypes

Answer 14

recognize different epitopes (CDR regions differ). a set of antigen-binding sites which characterizes the antibodies produced by a particular clone of antibody-producing cells.

Question 15

affinity

Answer 15

strength of interaction between epitope and the antibody’s antigen binding site. in primari response low affinity, in secondary response high affinity

Question 16

avidity

Answer 16

the accumulated strength of multiple affinities of individual non-covalent binding interactions (also called functional affinity)
afifinity = binding strenght of a single interaction (1 single Fab fragment + 1 epitope)

Question 17

ADCC

Answer 17

antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. An immune response in which antibodies, by coating target cells, makes them vulnerable to attack by immune cells. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is commonly (and blissfully) abbreviated ADCC.

Question 18

opsonization

Answer 18

is an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes. Without an opsonin, such as an antibody, the negatively-charged cell walls of the pathogen and phagocyte repel each other.

Question 19

Superantigens (SAgs)

Answer 19

are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically it causes non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release

Question 20

primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 20

production and education of lymphodytes interactions between auto antigen apc and lymphocytes
liver, thymus, bursa of fabricius, bone marrow, payer patches, intestinal tract

Question 21

secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 21

initiation and regulation of immune responses, interactions between exo antigen apc and lymphocytes
spleen, peripheral and mucosal lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal tract, liver, skin, gills, harderian gland in birds

Question 22

succes of a vaccin depends on

Answer 22

generation memory t and b cells
presence in serum of neutralizing antibody
generation of cytotoxic t cells

Question 23

properties of a good vaccin

Answer 23

ability to elicit the appropriate immune response. long term protection. safety. stable. inexpensive

Question 24

types of vaccines

Answer 24

killing and modified live vaccines: wild type, attenuated, inactivated
subunit vaccines: purified, recombinant
dna vaccine

Question 25

marker or deletion vaccines

Answer 25

in combination with diagnostic test. Discriminates between infection and vaccination

Question 26

adjuvants

Answer 26

certain substances, when administrated simultaneously with a specific antigen, will enhance the immune response to that antigen

Question 27

hepaten

Answer 27

non-immunogenic, but can react with the products of a specific immune response.

small spearable part of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody byt is incapable of stimulating antibody production except in combination with a carrier protein molecule

Question 28

epitope

Answer 28

part of antigen that binds antibody

Question 29

paratope

Answer 29

part of antibody that binds antigen

Question 30

immune reaction influenced by

Answer 30

environment, hygiene, genotype, parental experiences, stress, nutrition, physiological status, age

pre natal experience is really important

Question 31

MHC cogenic

Answer 31

is an inbred strain that contains a small genetic region (ideally a single gene) from another strain, but it is otherwise identical to the original inbred strain

Question 32

miscellanous MHC

Answer 32

you can smell the MHC of your own species
you may dislike potential partners with similar MHC
MHC present on germ cells
Relation with avoidance of genetic homogeneity

Question 33

cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Answer 33

local tissue damage

Question 34

MALT
GALT
BALT
SALT

Answer 34

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
gut associated lymphoid tissue
bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
salivary associated lymphoid tissue

Question 35

toll like receptors

Answer 35

play crucial roles in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes.

Question 36

plgR

Answer 36

polymeric immunoglobulin receptor

Question 37

polymorph nuclear cells

Answer 37

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, mastcell, intestinal mast cell