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Space Resources > Thermal Processing > Flashcards

Thermal Processing Flashcards

1
Q

What is a low temperature separation technique?

A

Sublimation, direct state change from solid to gas

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2
Q

What are high temperature separation techniques?

A

Pyrolysis

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3
Q

What is Pyrolisis?

A

Vacuum thermal decomposition partially decomposes oxides into metals and oxygen

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4
Q

What are main concerns regarding feasibility of the pyrolisis process?

A
  • Reoxidation of decomposed oxides
  • Disassociation of O_2 to atomic oxygen higher temperature
  • Selective separation/condensation from the gas phase
  • Pressure control
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5
Q

What is the Clapeyron Equation?

A

The Clapeyron equation provides the gradient of all phase boundary lines in the p–T diagram of a pure substance, incl. the sublimation line

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6
Q

Around what temperature does Regolith melt?

A
  • 1200 - 1300 degree Celsius
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7
Q

At what temperature can lunar ice be extracted?

A

100 K

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8
Q

At what temperatures can CO, CO2 be released?

A

> 700 Degree Celcius

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9
Q

What are properties of Pyrolisis?

A
  • No reactant and no limitation on feedstock
  • Process was demonstrated with a solar furnace
  • Solar concentrator ideal energy source
  • Losses by absorption, reflection, scattering need to be accounted for
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10
Q

What are two types of Pyrolysis reactors?

A
  • Batch reactors
  • Continuous reactors
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11
Q

What are main concerns regarding pyrolisis?

A
  • Feasibility
  • Reoxidation of decomposed oxides
  • Dissociation of O2 to oxygen atoms
  • Selective separation/concentration from the gas phase
  • Pressure Control
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12
Q

What is the Smouluchowski effect?

A
  • Thermal conductivity decreases with decreasing pressure because gas is constrained by solid particles
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13
Q

What are the thermal conductivity models applied to regolith?

A
  • Laplace Equations
  • Ohmic analog with thermal resistances for conduction
  • Unit cell represents properties of entire packed bed
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14
Q

What are some Ex-situ reactor heating concepts?

A
  • Rotating dryer
  • Rotating Kiln
  • Fluidized bed
  • Vibro-fluidization
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15
Q

What are the properties of the rotary dryer and what are its two types?

A
  • Main application is to dry feedstock

-Temperatures usually up to 800 degree Celsius

  • Direct and indirect heating type
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16
Q

What are the properties of direct heat type rotary dryer?

A
  • Drying gases come in direct contact with material
  • Flight blades lift material to improve process
  • Commonly used in mining and agriculture
17
Q

What are the properties of indirect heat type rotary dryer?

A
  • Drying gases do not come in contact with material
  • Gases and steams etc might be used
  • Heat via radiation and conduction from internal walls
  • Usually applied in processing food-grade materials, combustible materials
18
Q

What are the main influence parameters for fluidisation?

A
  1. Particle diameter
  2. Density difference solid-fluid
19
Q

What are some unique heating concepts?

A
  • Thermal Mining
  • Rocket Mining
  • Radiant Gas Dynamics Mining
  • Subsurface Deposit Mining
20
Q

What is considered low, medium and high temperature for Regolith?

A

Low: <130°C
Medium: 300-1200°C
High: >1400°C

21
Q

What percentage of H2 can be released at temperatures <600°C?

22
Q

What are the temperature requirements for the release of CO and CO2?

23
Q

At what temperature can O2 be liberated from FeO?

24
Q

What are the main components of SWIP?

25
Q

What are the properties of rotary kiln?

A
  • Main application is heating and reacting feedstock
  • Temperatures usually up to 1300°C
  • Commonly used for cement and lime processing
26
Q

What is the Geldart diagram and what are its groups?

A

A chart used to classify particles for fluidisation

Group C: Cohesive, very fine powders, hard to fluidise

Group A: Aeratable, small particle size/low density, easy to fluidise

Group B: Sandlike, fluidises well with large bubbles

Group D: Spoutable, large/dense particles, difficult to fluidise with erratic behaviour

27
Q

What is the optimal use of rotary kiln vs. fluidisation?

A

Rotating: For heavy-duty processing of variable feedstock (mining)

Fluidisation: Efficient processing of uniform feedstock (little material degradation)

28
Q

What are some contactless types of heating for planetary regolith?

A
  • Optical
  • Infrared
  • Microwave
  • Laser
29
Q

What are some contact types of heating for planetary regolith?

A
  • Electrical/Resistive
  • Capacitive
30
Q

What are the main challenges and advantages of thermal processing?

A

+ No reactants
+ Single processing step

  • Accesibility of feedstock
  • Energy sources
  • Thermal properties
  • Reactor design
  • Product gas capture
  • Product gas purification

Space Resources (13 decks)

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