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A-Level Physics > Thermal Physics > Flashcards

Thermal Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the speed of particles in a body distributed?

A

Randomly

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2
Q

How does the varying speed of particles in a body affect the kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy is distributed randomly

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3
Q

How is the average kinetic energy of the particles affected by the temperature?

A

Higher temperature leads to higher average kinetic energy

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4
Q

What is the internal energy of a body?

A

The sum of the randomly-distributed kinetic and potential energies of all its particles

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5
Q

What is a system?

A

A group of bodies considered as a whole

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6
Q

What is a closed system?

A

One that doesn’t allow any transfer of matter in or out

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7
Q

How does the internal energy of a system change if it’s not heated and no work is done?

A

Constant

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8
Q

How is energy constantly transferred between particles in a system?

A

Collisions between particles

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9
Q

How can the internal energy of a system be changed?

A

By heating it

By doing work (changing its shape)

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10
Q

Does the internal energy of a substance change when it undergoes a change in state?

A

Yes, it changes

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11
Q

Does the kinetic energy of a substance change when it undergoes a change in state?

A

No, it doesn’t change

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12
Q

Does the potential energy of a substance change when it undergoes a change in state?

A

Yes, it changes

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13
Q

When happens to the potential energy and temperature when a liquid changes to a gas?

A

The potential energy increases but the temperature stays the same

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14
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1K.

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15
Q

What apparatus can be used to find the specific heat capacity?

A

Continuous-Flow Calorimeter

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16
Q

Describe a Continuous-Flow Calorimeter

A

A steady rate of water flowing over a heating element, with two thermometers to measure temperature difference

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17
Q

Define specific latent heat (of fusion/vaporisation)

A

The amount of thermal energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance

18
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

(At a constant temperature) the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional

19
Q

What is Charles’ Law?

A

(At a constant pressure) the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (K)

20
Q

What is the Pressure Law?

A

(At a constant volume) the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (K)

21
Q

What is the molecular mass?

A

The mass of one molecule of that gas

22
Q

What is molecular mass relative to?

A

The mass of a carbon-12 atom

23
Q

What is the molar mass of a substance?

A

The mass that one mole of that substance would have

24
Q

What is the Ideal Gas Equation?

A

(pV)/T = constant

25
Q

What is the constant in the Ideal Gas Equation equal to?

A

number of moles × molar gas constant (nR)

26
Q

what is the equation for work done in changing the volume of a gas at a constant pressure?

A

work done = pΔV

27
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law?

A

Force equals the rate of change of momentum

28
Q

How do you calculate the mean square speed of a particle?

A

The average of the [squared speeds] of all the particles

29
Q

What is pressure equal to?

A

Force ÷ area

30
Q

What are the Simplifying Assumptions used in Kinetic Theory?

A 
Molecules move randomly
Molecules follow Newton's Laws
Molecules move in straight lines
Collisions a perfectly elastic
Collision forces act much shorter than the time between them
31
Q

What do you call a gas that follows the Simplifying Assumptions in Kinetic Theory?

A

Ideal Gas

32
Q

What temperature (C) is Absolute Zero?

A

-273

33
Q

Are the Gas Laws empirical or theoretical?

A

Empirical

34
Q

Is Kinetic Theory empirical or theoretical?

A

Theoretical

35
Q

Describe Brownian motion

A

Particles suspended in a fluid move with a “zig-zag”, random motion, due to collisions with fast, randomly-moving particles

36
Q

Give an example of Brownian motion

A

Smoke in air

37
Q

What is the random motion of smoke in air evidence of?

A

That the air is made up of tiny particles (atoms or molecules) moving quickly

38
Q

For which law is the pressure and volume of a gas inversely proportional?

A

Boyle’s Law

39
Q

For which law is the volume of a gas directly proportional to its temperature (K)?

A

Charles’ Law

40
Q

For which law is the pressure of a gas directly proportional to its temperature (K)?

A

Pressure Law

A-Level Physics (13 decks)

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