Thermal

Question 1

Elastic Collision

Answer 1

KE transferred from 1 Patrick’s to another but not converted into PE. This is the ideal gas model.

Question 2

Brownian Motion

Answer 2

Random motion in a liquid or gas. It forms the basis of the kinetic particle model.

Question 3

Assumptions of KE

Answer 3

All matter is made up of small particles in constant motion.
Collisions between particles are perfectly elastic, the total KE is the same before and after.
The particles obey classical mechanics and only interacts

Question 4

Laws of thermodynamics

Answer 4

Energy cannot be destroyed or created but can change form.

Entropy increases over time, entropy is randomness.

Question 5

Difference between temperature and heat?

Answer 5

Heat: Measure of the amount of energy of an object
Temperature: Measure of KE, its average.

Question 6

Internal energy

Answer 6

The sum of KE and PE stored in their bonds and written as,

V= KE+PE

Question 7

Convection, conduction and radiation

Answer 7

Conduction: Heat travelling through an object
Convection: the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity.
Radiation: The heat it gives off around it.

Question 8

Specific heat capacity equation

Answer 8

Q = MCtriangleT

m= mass
C= specific heat capacity
triangleT= Change in initial to final temperature.
Q=heat energy

Specific heat capacity: Ability to retain or give off a certain amount of energy.

Question 9

Qualitative and Quantitative

Answer 9

Qual: Non-numerical data
Quant: Numerical data

Question 10

Percentage error

Answer 10

(Absolute measure value - theoretical value/theoretical value) x 100

Question 11

Work

Answer 11

The energy is transported to or from an object via the application of force along displacement.

Formula:
Work = F s cos theta.
Units = joules
F = force
S = displacement
Costheta = angle

Power = Work/change in time
(Units = watts).

Question 12

Mass and wieght

Answer 12

Mass is the same everywhere in the universe
Weight depends on acceleration due to gravity.

Question 13

Isotopes and equation

Answer 13

Isotopes of an element have the same no. of protons but they have different no. of neutrons.

Question: There are 2 stable isotopes of chlorine, RAM is 35.45

Cl = x
Cl = 1- x

34.97 + 36.97(1-x) = 35.45
Then expand and rearrange to find x.
Once done multiply x by 100 to find the percentage of Cl-35 take that amount away to find the percentage of Cl-37.

Question 14

4 Fundamental forces

Answer 14

Gravity, electromagnetic, strong nuclear force (Holding the nucleus together), weak nuclear force.

Question 15

Coulombs law

Answer 15

F = kqQ/r^2

F = force between 2 charges Q1 and Q2 in neutrons
k= the constant 9 x 10^9 N.m^2C^-2
Q1&2 = Charged object
r^2 = Distance between charged objects

Coulombs is a quantity of charge, 1 Coulomb = N^0 of electron x charge.

1 coulomb = electron x 1.6 x 10^-19

Question 16

Radioisotopes

Answer 16

These are unstable and will decay. When an isotope decays it goes from a parent isotope to a daughter isotope.

Question 17

Alpha decay

Answer 17

The alpha decay process expels an alpha particle from the nucleus of the atom. The alpha particle is made of two protons and two neutrons. That reduces the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom by two.

When a helium nucleus is emitted.

Question 18

Beta Decay and Positron emission

Answer 18

Usually happens when there are too many neutrons, a neutron turns into a proton and ejects/emits an electron.

Positron emission is the same as beta but is positively charged. Instead of a -1 E its an +1E

Question 19

Half-Life, neutrinos and formulas

Answer 19

Time taken for an amount to decay by 50% to a daughter nuclide.

N = N0(1/2)^n

Neutrinos: Small particles with no charge and we can say they are emitted during beta emission.