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Theriogenology > Theriogenology Final Exam > Flashcards

Theriogenology Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Using breeds or lines to take maximum advantage of a genetic type (terminal x material line)

A

Breed Complementation

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2
Q

Intervene if farrowing is

A

<80%

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3
Q

Intervene if less than ___ piglets in a litter

A

8

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4
Q

Intervene if weaned per year is

A

<18%

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5
Q

Intervene if piglets born dead is

A

>15%

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6
Q

Abortions in pigs should be less than

A

2%

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7
Q

Pigs should have at least ____ functional teats, ___ teats per side and ___ cranial to the umbilicus for reproductive soundness

A

10 functional, 6 per side, 3 cranial

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8
Q

Tendency for crossbred progeny to reform differently than average of their parents

A

Heterocross or Hybrid vigor

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9
Q

Puberty in swine occurs at ____ and 200-250lbs

A

5-8 months

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10
Q

If you want to hasten puberty in swine

A

Use crossbred females, expose to 16-18 hours light, and mix gilts with sows

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11
Q

Used to hasten puberty in swine. Begin day 160-170 days of age

A

Boar effect

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12
Q

Length of estrous cycle in the pig

A

21 days

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13
Q

Gilts are in estrous for

A

36-48 hours

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14
Q

Sows are in estrous for

A

48-72 hours

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15
Q

Ovulation in swine occurs

A

2/3 through estrus (36 hours usually) 24hrs after LH peak

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16
Q

During AI in swine deposit semen ____ hours after ovulation

A

12 hours

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17
Q

After weaning pigs on a thursday, takes ___ to return to estrus

A

4-7 days

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18
Q

Give Lutalyse during day ____ gestation and estrus occurs 4-7 days later

A

15-60 days (before day 45)

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19
Q

Feed for 14 days and females will show estrus 4-7 days after withdrawal.

A

Altrenogest (Progesterone)

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20
Q

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in swine

A

11-12 days, by estrogenic compounds. Need at least 4 embryos

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21
Q

In boar gel fraction of ejaculate comes from

A

Bulbourethral gland

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22
Q

In boar seminal plasma part of ejaculate comes from

A

Prostate

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23
Q

Best method for collecting semen in boars

A

Gloved hand method. Usually can get 500 mL. (1mL ejaculate= 1gram)

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24
Q

Volume of AI dose in swine

A

80-100 mL. Should be 3-5 billion sperm per dose

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25
Q

Most subjective measurement of semen. Use CASA system. 2 uL extended sample. Minimum 70%

A

Motility

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26
Q

Gold standard for measure motility of semen in swine

A

Hemocytometer. Dilute 1:100. Use 20uL extended sample

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27
Q

Gestation length in swine

A

114 days +/- 2

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28
Q

Type of placentation in swine

A

Epithliochorial diffuse

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29
Q

Intrauterine migration of the embryo in swine occurs days

A

13-14

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30
Q

Embryonic loss usually occurs prior to day ____ in swine

A

Day 25

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31
Q

Swine return to estrus ____ after breeding. False positives occur

A

17-24 days

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32
Q

If EED occurs prior to day ____ in swine then reabsorption occurs

A

Day 35

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33
Q

If EED occurs after day 35 in swine then

A

Mummification occurs

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34
Q

If EED occurs prior to day 14 in swine then

A

Regular return to cycle. Past 14 irregular returns

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35
Q

Pig is pregnant is PGF2a is _____ 13-15 days after mating

A

<200pg/mL

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36
Q

Swine is pregnant if progesterone is ____ day 17-24

A

>5ng/mL. False if cyctic ovaries or delayed return to estrus

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37
Q

Early pregnancy factor in swine peaks ____ after fertilization.

A

24-48 hours

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38
Q

Early pregnancy factor B in swine can be detected with

A

Rosette Inhibition Test

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39
Q

Skeletons can be seen on U/S of swine day

A

35

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40
Q

Swine fetuses are immunocompetent after day

A

70-75

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41
Q

If crown-rump on u/s of swine is 1.8-2.8cm then fetus is _____ days old and if 12-14cm then _____ days old

A

30 and 60

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42
Q

If crown-rump on u/s of swine is 20-23cm then fetus is ___ days old. If greater than 26cm than ____ days

A

90 and 114

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43
Q

Parturition in the pig usually lasts

A

1-5 hours and no longer than 15 min between piglets

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44
Q

Number one cause of dystocia in swine

A

Uterine intertia. If no obstruction give oxytocin every 30 min

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45
Q

Most common cause of non infectious infertility in swine

A

Hydrosalphix

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46
Q

Can be caused by estrus induction agents in swine. Cause on non infectious infertility. Does not respond to hormone therapy

A

Cystic ovary disease

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47
Q

Most common cause of pregnancy loss in swine. Zoonotic. Causes mummified and macerated fetuses. Immunity 1 year after abortion. Vaccinate every 6 months. Tetracyclines reduce shedding but dont eliminate the disease

A

Leptospirosis

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48
Q

Reportable. Causes abortions and still births in swine. Orchitis in boars. Introduced and transmitted by the boars and can be carried for >4 years. Infected at coitus. If infected between days 30-40 will abort and 65-80 days. Causes granulomas in organs. Test and slaughter is best control

A

Brucella suits

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49
Q

Carried on tonsils of pigs. Gain access through contaminated food and water. Clinical course of disease depends on stress. Abortion secondary to fever and septicemia

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

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50
Q

Arteerivirus. Transmitted in semen. Anorexic, repro failure, and post weaning respiratory disease. Diagnose with herd serology. Prevent with isolation and acclimation with vaccine.

A

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)

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51
Q

SMEDI. No maternal signs. Females develop and nest but never farrow. Causes fetal vasculitis and death. Diagnose with clinical signs and fluorescent staining. Treat with acclimation of replacement gilts.

A

Porcine Parvovirus

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52
Q

Herpes virus. In semen. Causes Encephalitis and pulmonary edema. Vaccinate and eradication.

A

Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s)

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53
Q

Classical swine fever. Eradicated. Causes anorexia, cyanosis, and diarrhea

A

Hog cholera

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54
Q

220ppm is toxic. Causes cherry red mucous membranes

A

Carbon Monoxide

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55
Q

Fusarium rose up. Causes implantation failure and signs of estrus

A

Zearaleone

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56
Q

Toxic to embryo and fetus in swine

A

Tichoterene

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57
Q

Indirect abortion in swine and decreased placenta O2

A

Fumonison

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58
Q

Causes poor piglet growth

A

Aflatoxin

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59
Q

For soundness in stallion collect

A

2 ejaculates 1 hours apart, after 1 week sexual rest

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60
Q

Scrotal width in the stallion should be

A

102 +/- 9.9

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61
Q

Scrotal weight in the stallion should be

A

328 +/- 104 g

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62
Q

Motility and morphology should be ____ in the stallion

A

>60%

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63
Q

Total sperm in a collection from a stallion for breeding soundness should be

A

50ml 5-15 x 10^9 sperm

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64
Q

Use seminal ____ to see if stallion is producing.

A

ALP. If blockage will be <100U/L

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65
Q

First ejaculate from a stallion has higher sperm counts during

A

May, June, JULY

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66
Q

For AI in the horse, fresh semen should have ____ motile sperm

A

500 million

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67
Q

Cooled and frozen semen in the horse for AI should have _____ sperm

A

Cooled- 1 billion Frozen- 800 million +

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68
Q

Cryptorchidism in the horse occurs during

A

Last 30 days of gestation or first 10 days of life

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69
Q

Acquired atrophy of seminiferous tubules in the stallion. Elevated testicular temperature. Diagnose with biopsy. No treatment

A

Acquired testicular degeneration

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70
Q

Fluid between visceral and parietal layers of vaginal tunic. Extension from ascites. Can be idiopathic. Spontaneous resolution with exercise

A

Hydrocele (Vaginocele)

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71
Q

Dilation of vessels of pampiniform plexus. Incompetent testicular vein and reverse blood flow on doppler. No treatment

A

Variocele

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72
Q

What is the earliest day that prostaglandin is effective in sows

A

Day 12

73
Q

Mares that are in winter anestrous

A

About 30% show heat, but only half ovulare

74
Q

To induce ovulation of a mid-diestrous follicle of 40mm in diameter in the mare we can use

A

None mentioned

75
Q

T/F the interval between prostaglandin injection and ovulation is determined by the size of the follicle at the time of treatment

A

True

76
Q

T/F It is the middle of march in the upper mid-west. A 5 year old maiden mare has been showing heat to a gelding for 10 days. On palpation and US exam she has multiple 20-25 mm follicles on both ovaries and marked uterine edema. The most effective way to promote the development of a preovulatory size follicle is to give the mare a progestagen such as altrenogest (Regumate) for 10 consecutive days.

A

True

77
Q

The main factor contributing to sperm migration to the oviduct is

A

Uterine contractility

78
Q

What group of mares would have the best seasonal pregnancy rate?

A

Same pregnancy rate at end of season (except old maiden mares)

79
Q

The best way to determine cervical pathology is by

A

Digital exam in diestrus

80
Q

T/F Mares with positive uterine cultures have lower pregnancy rates compared to those with uterine inflammation but no bacterial growth

A

False

81
Q

T/F a mare with a grade III uterine biopsy is not worth breading

A

Flase

82
Q

T/F the pattern of appearance and dissipation of uterine edema is helpful in determining mares with good uterine health

A

True

83
Q

A 16 year old mare, 8 month gestation. Owner found dried blood on mare 1 week ago and this morning copius amount of fresh blood in the stall and perineum. Mare is BAR and normal TPR. Cervix is tight and dry. Most likely problem is

A

Vaginal vericose veins

84
Q

A TB mare 308 days gestation has significant abdominal distension last week. Fluid filled uterus with no palpable foal. Abdnormal amount of amniotic fluid detected by ultrasound. This is

A

Hydroamnion

85
Q

A mare presented at 305 days slightly depressed for about 48 hours. HR 65 bpm. RR 40 rpm. Temp is 36.8 C MM dry CRT 3 sec. Reduced GI in all quandrants. DP normal. Whats up?

A

Uterine torsion

86
Q

What membrane is this?

A

Chorion

87
Q

18 year old STB Mare. Carrying her 8th pregnancy 240 days. Never had gestational or foaling problems. Racing career ended due to hock OA. Owner reports that during this pregnancy mare has been more painful than normal. P.E. → Normal Temperature. RR 32 rpm BPM. HR 60 BPM. Normal GIM. Body condition 4/9. Left hock visibly distended. Therapy → Injected the hock with Depomedrol, HA, and Amikacin. Gave her 2 gms phenyl-butzone 5-2. Mare improved significantly and reached 300 days of gestation. By 300 days she started to show significant signs of pain. She is 315 days now. What next?

A

Induce foaling with Dexamethasone

88
Q

Ten y.o. QH multiparous mare. History of a premature placental separation the pervious foaling. Referred for high-risk pregnancy. Subsequent foalings of a mare with a history of premature placental separation usually results in

A

A normal foaling

89
Q

T/F Ejaculation can be induced in the unstimulated stallion by means of drugs alone

A

True

90
Q

You are packaging sperm from a stallion for cooled shipment. You should aim for an inseminating dose of

A

1 billion motile sperm

91
Q

T/F Cryptorchidism in stallions has a strong genetic component

A

True

92
Q

T/F The cervix is always dilatable in the mare due to absence of fibrous rings

A

True

93
Q

In the mare fertilized ova descend into the uterus ___ days after fertilization.

A

5.5 days. UTJ opens due to PGE

94
Q

Site of ovulation in the mare is the

A

Ovulation fossa

95
Q

Mature follicles in the mare are ____

A

40mm

96
Q

The mare’s udder has two halves each with ___ glands and 1 teat

A

2

97
Q

Regulation of the repro cycle in the mare is governed by the

A

Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis

98
Q

Major primary follicular wave in the mare starts with uterine PGF and follicle up to 25 mm and finishes with

A

Ovulation of 40mm follicle

99
Q

______ is a key component for proper breeding management in the mare

A

Manipulation of the estrous cycle

100
Q

Ovulation in the mare occurs

A

24-48 hours into estrus

101
Q

Ovulation lasts ____ in the mare

A

36-44 hours

102
Q

Cause of uterine edema in the mare during estrus

A

Estrogen exposure and LH receptors

103
Q

Ovulation in the mare can be induced with

A

hCG- IM or IV ovulate 24-48 hours Deslorelin (Sucromate) IM ovulate 38-44 hours Deslorelin pellet Recombinant LH

104
Q

Why use deslorelin over hCG to enduce ovulation in the mare

A

Highly effective, wider window for treatment.

105
Q

Ultrasonographic signs of ovulation in the mare

A

Echoic spots in antrum, serration of granulosa, decreased turgidity, loss of spherical shape

106
Q

T/F ultrasonographic appearance of the CL is a good indicator of its age or functionality in the mare

A

False

107
Q

Failure of mare to respond to respond to ovulatory inducing agents occurs from

A

Immature follicles, not enough LH Mares are not in estrus even though follicles present Anovulatory follicles

108
Q

To use luteolysis for estrus induction in the mare, CL must be

A

5 days old to be fully responsive to prostaglandin.

109
Q

T/F prostaglandins can be used for estrus induction but not ovulation induction in the mare

A

True

110
Q

Most common management tool in equine reproduction

A

Prostaglandin treatment

111
Q

The interval between prostaglandin injection and ovulation is determined by this in the mare

A

Size of the follicle at the time of treatment. Mares with large follicles >35mm can have undetected ovulations if the mare is not examined prior to treatment.

112
Q

The most effective way to synchronize the ovulations of 2 mares is by

A

Determining follicular status and using pGF and deslorelin judiciously

113
Q

In the horse industry all horses have the universal birthday on ____ regardless of when they are born.

A

January 1st

114
Q

Pregnancy rate is expressed by

A

mares pregnant/ # mares bred. Targets are >60% per cycle and over 90% per season

115
Q

Stallions by AI will get the maximum number of sperm when collected

A

Every other day throughout the season

116
Q

Stallions can breed 2x-4x a day with the limiting factor being

A

Libido

117
Q

Appears early in estrus of the mare. Progressively increases and starts to decrease as ovulation approaches. Most mares ovulate with this low

A

Uterine edema

118
Q

Cervix relaxed and edematous. (fish bone) Follicle is 30-35 or 40mm. Some folds are easily observed with hyperchoic centers

A

Grade II uterine edema

119
Q

Uterine folds are thicker, hypoechoic center, hyperechoic walls. More prominent uterine body but cart wheel shaped

A

Grade IV uterine edema

120
Q

Very thick endometrial folds less of normal, increased surface area, and follicles variable but often preovulatory or recently ovulated

A

Grade V uterine edema

121
Q

T/F In the mare, breeding prior to ovulation results in higher pregnancy rates

A

True

122
Q

When using natural breeding in horses, breed ____ before ovulation

A

48-72 hours

123
Q

When using fresh semen in horses, breed ____ before ovulation

A

<48 hours

124
Q

When using fresh cooled semen in horses, breed ____ before ovulation

A

24- <36 hours

125
Q

When using frozen semen in horses, breed ____ before ovulation

A

<12 hours

126
Q

T/F If properly done AI will enhance the fertility of the mare and stallion

A

True

127
Q

Semen deposition is placed here in the mare

A

Uterine body

128
Q

An alternative deposition spot for AI that can reduce uterine inflammation and increase pregnancy rates in difficult animals

A

Deep horn insemination

129
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is used in

A

old mares where it is not possible to retrieve an embryo, oviductal disease, mares that died

130
Q

Good vulvar conformation in the mare

A

1/3 above and 2/3 below the pelvic bone

131
Q

T/F Rectal examination and U/S exam are reliable ways of determining cervical patency

A

False

132
Q

The most sensitive organ to hormonal influence in the mare is

A

The cervix

133
Q

During diestrus the cervix is

A

Closed

134
Q

When to perform a uterine culture and cytology

A

During estrus, diestrus if fluid present, always take cytology

135
Q

Most common bacteria causing endometritis in mares is

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus and E. coli

136
Q

Grade of uterine biopsy in the mare. Normal- 80-90% expected foaling rate

A

Grade I

137
Q

Grade of uterine biopsy in the mare. 50-80% expected foaling rate

A

Grade IIA

138
Q

Grade of uterine biopsy in the mare. Expected foaling rate <10%

A

Grade III

139
Q

Grade of uterine biopsy in the mare. Expected foaling rate of 50-10%

A

Grade IIB

140
Q

When everything appears normal but mare is unable to get pregnant or produce an embryo, this is suspected

A

Oviductal blockage

141
Q

Most common equine tumor. Causes behavior abnormalities, enlarging ovary with loss of ovulation fossa. Remove the ovary and return to cyclicity in 6-8 months post sx.

A

Granulosa-thecal cell tumor.

142
Q

The most embryonic loss in mares occurs

A

Days 15-42, and in mares >14 years old

143
Q

Loss of pregnancy once fetal stage starts >45 days in the mare

A

Abortion

144
Q

Causes fetal lesions (hydrothorax and pulmonary edema) along with characteristic eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in liver foci. Isolate aborting mares and vaccinate. Vaccinate during month 5,7,9 of pregnancy.

A

EHV 1-4. Herpes virus

145
Q

Causes coital exanthema. Transmitted by stallion. Self limiting for 3 weeks. Secondary bacterial infections occurs. Remove from service until healed

A

EHV-III

146
Q

Only true venereal disease in horses. Caused by Tylorella equigenitalis

A

Contagious equine metritis

147
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis in the mare can be done earlier than in other species because of the presence of this during the first 20 days

A

Embryonic capsule

148
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis is the mare is usually done during days

A

14-16 post ovulation

149
Q

Fetal sexing in the mare can be done during these days by identifying the

A

55-65 days, genital tubercule

150
Q

Twins generally occur due to this in the mare

A

Double ovulations

151
Q

Seperation of twins in the mare can be done days ____ during the mobility phase

A

Days 13-15 Also usually give progesterone and flunixin

152
Q

T/F If the diagnosis of twins in the mare is done after day 16 and the vesicles are unilateral there is a higher risk of losing both.

A

True

153
Q

Possibility that twins will reduce to a single are less than

A

50%

154
Q

Transvaginal twin reduction an be performed days_____ unilateral or bilateral

A

35-50

155
Q

Cranio-cervical dislocation of a twin in the mare can be performed day

A

60-100

156
Q

Transabdominal cardiac puncture can be done to reduce a twin after day

A

100

157
Q

Pregnancy in the mare can be diagnoses at day 14-16 but reconfirmed days

A

28-30

158
Q

Death of fetus in absence of bacterial infection. Loss of fetal fluid, uterus contracted around the fetus or secondary to twins

A

Mummification

159
Q

Dead fetus with bacterial contamination

A

Maceration

160
Q

In the mare, amniotic and allantoic fluid depth should not exceed

A

7.9 +/- 3.5 and 13.4 +/- 4.4 cm

161
Q

Most reliable parameters to indicate fetal well-being. Recordings are obtained by b or M-mode echocardiography

A

FHR/FHR reactivity

162
Q

Signs of placentitis in the mare

A

Purluent vulval discharge, udder development, premature lactation, cervical dilation, none

163
Q

How to treat placentitis in the mare

A

Antibiotic crosses placenta (TMS or gentocin) NSAIDS Uterine relaxants Pentoxyfiline and Asprin

164
Q

A 6 year old mare pregnant after 2 seasons of trying. Never checked for pregnancy. At day 260 had significant udder development. Most likely diagnosis is

A

Placentitis and twins

165
Q

Not associated with other placental dysfunctions or premature placental seperation

A

Allantoic vesicles

166
Q

Most common hydropic condition in the mare. Sudden onset of abdominal distension. Lots of fluid on rectal palpation. Need to induce abortion

A

Hydro-allantois

167
Q

Cause of colic in late term mare. Low grade pain, prolonged duration. Refractory to painkillers. Must do a rectal exam

A

Uterine torsion

168
Q

Characterized in the mare by cranial displacement of the udder, obvious abdominal drop, sero-sanginous to bloody mammary secretion

A

Pre-pubic tendon rupture

169
Q

Causes decreased milk, prolonged gestation and abortion. Remove source 30-45 days before parturition. Treat with progesterone and domperidone

A

Fescue Acremonium coenophialum

170
Q

In mares the placenta has ___ layers

A

6

171
Q

Type of placenta in the mare

A

Epitheliochorial, diffuse, micro-cotiledonary

172
Q

Retained fetal membranes in the mare are an emergency after

A

3 hours

173
Q

Treatment of retained fetal membranes in the mare

A

Oxytocin every 30-60 min, Calcium borogluconate, burns technique, manual removal.

174
Q

Infusion of large volume of fluid in the unruptured chorio-allantoic space to stimulate endogenous oxytocin release int he mare for RFM

A

Burns technique

175
Q

Umbilical cord in the amniotic portion of the horse fetus contains

A

2 arteries, 1 vein, and the urachus

176
Q

Foaling induction can be performed with

A

Dexamethasone 100mgs IM SID for 3 days

177
Q

Post partum septic metritis occurs during this time range post foaling

A

24 -72 hours

178
Q

Often found in mares post partum. Usually heal by second intention unless the hematoma becomes infected.

A

Perineal and bulbar problems 1st and 2nd degree lacerations heal with local therapy

Theriogenology (2 decks)

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