Theriogenology Final Exam Flashcards
Using breeds or lines to take maximum advantage of a genetic type (terminal x material line)
Breed Complementation
Intervene if farrowing is
<80%
Intervene if less than ___ piglets in a litter
8
Intervene if weaned per year is
<18%
Intervene if piglets born dead is
>15%
Abortions in pigs should be less than
2%
Pigs should have at least ____ functional teats, ___ teats per side and ___ cranial to the umbilicus for reproductive soundness
10 functional, 6 per side, 3 cranial
Tendency for crossbred progeny to reform differently than average of their parents
Heterocross or Hybrid vigor
Puberty in swine occurs at ____ and 200-250lbs
5-8 months
If you want to hasten puberty in swine
Use crossbred females, expose to 16-18 hours light, and mix gilts with sows
Used to hasten puberty in swine. Begin day 160-170 days of age
Boar effect
Length of estrous cycle in the pig
21 days
Gilts are in estrous for
36-48 hours
Sows are in estrous for
48-72 hours
Ovulation in swine occurs
2/3 through estrus (36 hours usually) 24hrs after LH peak
During AI in swine deposit semen ____ hours after ovulation
12 hours
After weaning pigs on a thursday, takes ___ to return to estrus
4-7 days
Give Lutalyse during day ____ gestation and estrus occurs 4-7 days later
15-60 days (before day 45)
Feed for 14 days and females will show estrus 4-7 days after withdrawal.
Altrenogest (Progesterone)
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in swine
11-12 days, by estrogenic compounds. Need at least 4 embryos
In boar gel fraction of ejaculate comes from
Bulbourethral gland
In boar seminal plasma part of ejaculate comes from
Prostate
Best method for collecting semen in boars
Gloved hand method. Usually can get 500 mL. (1mL ejaculate= 1gram)
Volume of AI dose in swine
80-100 mL. Should be 3-5 billion sperm per dose
Most subjective measurement of semen. Use CASA system. 2 uL extended sample. Minimum 70%
Motility
Gold standard for measure motility of semen in swine
Hemocytometer. Dilute 1:100. Use 20uL extended sample
Gestation length in swine
114 days +/- 2
Type of placentation in swine
Epithliochorial diffuse
Intrauterine migration of the embryo in swine occurs days
13-14
Embryonic loss usually occurs prior to day ____ in swine
Day 25
Swine return to estrus ____ after breeding. False positives occur
17-24 days
If EED occurs prior to day ____ in swine then reabsorption occurs
Day 35
If EED occurs after day 35 in swine then
Mummification occurs
If EED occurs prior to day 14 in swine then
Regular return to cycle. Past 14 irregular returns
Pig is pregnant is PGF2a is _____ 13-15 days after mating
<200pg/mL
Swine is pregnant if progesterone is ____ day 17-24
>5ng/mL. False if cyctic ovaries or delayed return to estrus
Early pregnancy factor in swine peaks ____ after fertilization.
24-48 hours
Early pregnancy factor B in swine can be detected with
Rosette Inhibition Test
Skeletons can be seen on U/S of swine day
35
Swine fetuses are immunocompetent after day
70-75
If crown-rump on u/s of swine is 1.8-2.8cm then fetus is _____ days old and if 12-14cm then _____ days old
30 and 60
If crown-rump on u/s of swine is 20-23cm then fetus is ___ days old. If greater than 26cm than ____ days
90 and 114
Parturition in the pig usually lasts
1-5 hours and no longer than 15 min between piglets
Number one cause of dystocia in swine
Uterine intertia. If no obstruction give oxytocin every 30 min
Most common cause of non infectious infertility in swine
Hydrosalphix
Can be caused by estrus induction agents in swine. Cause on non infectious infertility. Does not respond to hormone therapy
Cystic ovary disease
Most common cause of pregnancy loss in swine. Zoonotic. Causes mummified and macerated fetuses. Immunity 1 year after abortion. Vaccinate every 6 months. Tetracyclines reduce shedding but dont eliminate the disease
Leptospirosis
Reportable. Causes abortions and still births in swine. Orchitis in boars. Introduced and transmitted by the boars and can be carried for >4 years. Infected at coitus. If infected between days 30-40 will abort and 65-80 days. Causes granulomas in organs. Test and slaughter is best control
Brucella suits
Carried on tonsils of pigs. Gain access through contaminated food and water. Clinical course of disease depends on stress. Abortion secondary to fever and septicemia
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Arteerivirus. Transmitted in semen. Anorexic, repro failure, and post weaning respiratory disease. Diagnose with herd serology. Prevent with isolation and acclimation with vaccine.
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)
SMEDI. No maternal signs. Females develop and nest but never farrow. Causes fetal vasculitis and death. Diagnose with clinical signs and fluorescent staining. Treat with acclimation of replacement gilts.
Porcine Parvovirus
Herpes virus. In semen. Causes Encephalitis and pulmonary edema. Vaccinate and eradication.
Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s)
Classical swine fever. Eradicated. Causes anorexia, cyanosis, and diarrhea
Hog cholera
220ppm is toxic. Causes cherry red mucous membranes
Carbon Monoxide
Fusarium rose up. Causes implantation failure and signs of estrus
Zearaleone
Toxic to embryo and fetus in swine
Tichoterene
Indirect abortion in swine and decreased placenta O2
Fumonison
Causes poor piglet growth
Aflatoxin
For soundness in stallion collect
2 ejaculates 1 hours apart, after 1 week sexual rest
Scrotal width in the stallion should be
102 +/- 9.9
Scrotal weight in the stallion should be
328 +/- 104 g
Motility and morphology should be ____ in the stallion
>60%
Total sperm in a collection from a stallion for breeding soundness should be
50ml 5-15 x 10^9 sperm
Use seminal ____ to see if stallion is producing.
ALP. If blockage will be <100U/L
First ejaculate from a stallion has higher sperm counts during
May, June, JULY
For AI in the horse, fresh semen should have ____ motile sperm
500 million
Cooled and frozen semen in the horse for AI should have _____ sperm
Cooled- 1 billion Frozen- 800 million +
Cryptorchidism in the horse occurs during
Last 30 days of gestation or first 10 days of life
Acquired atrophy of seminiferous tubules in the stallion. Elevated testicular temperature. Diagnose with biopsy. No treatment
Acquired testicular degeneration
Fluid between visceral and parietal layers of vaginal tunic. Extension from ascites. Can be idiopathic. Spontaneous resolution with exercise
Hydrocele (Vaginocele)
Dilation of vessels of pampiniform plexus. Incompetent testicular vein and reverse blood flow on doppler. No treatment
Variocele
What is the earliest day that prostaglandin is effective in sows
Day 12
Mares that are in winter anestrous
About 30% show heat, but only half ovulare
To induce ovulation of a mid-diestrous follicle of 40mm in diameter in the mare we can use
None mentioned
T/F the interval between prostaglandin injection and ovulation is determined by the size of the follicle at the time of treatment
True
T/F It is the middle of march in the upper mid-west. A 5 year old maiden mare has been showing heat to a gelding for 10 days. On palpation and US exam she has multiple 20-25 mm follicles on both ovaries and marked uterine edema. The most effective way to promote the development of a preovulatory size follicle is to give the mare a progestagen such as altrenogest (Regumate) for 10 consecutive days.
True
The main factor contributing to sperm migration to the oviduct is
Uterine contractility
What group of mares would have the best seasonal pregnancy rate?
Same pregnancy rate at end of season (except old maiden mares)
The best way to determine cervical pathology is by
Digital exam in diestrus
T/F Mares with positive uterine cultures have lower pregnancy rates compared to those with uterine inflammation but no bacterial growth
False
T/F a mare with a grade III uterine biopsy is not worth breading
Flase
T/F the pattern of appearance and dissipation of uterine edema is helpful in determining mares with good uterine health
True
A 16 year old mare, 8 month gestation. Owner found dried blood on mare 1 week ago and this morning copius amount of fresh blood in the stall and perineum. Mare is BAR and normal TPR. Cervix is tight and dry. Most likely problem is
Vaginal vericose veins
A TB mare 308 days gestation has significant abdominal distension last week. Fluid filled uterus with no palpable foal. Abdnormal amount of amniotic fluid detected by ultrasound. This is
Hydroamnion
A mare presented at 305 days slightly depressed for about 48 hours. HR 65 bpm. RR 40 rpm. Temp is 36.8 C MM dry CRT 3 sec. Reduced GI in all quandrants. DP normal. Whats up?
Uterine torsion
What membrane is this?
Chorion
18 year old STB Mare. Carrying her 8th pregnancy 240 days. Never had gestational or foaling problems. Racing career ended due to hock OA. Owner reports that during this pregnancy mare has been more painful than normal. P.E. → Normal Temperature. RR 32 rpm BPM. HR 60 BPM. Normal GIM. Body condition 4/9. Left hock visibly distended. Therapy → Injected the hock with Depomedrol, HA, and Amikacin. Gave her 2 gms phenyl-butzone 5-2. Mare improved significantly and reached 300 days of gestation. By 300 days she started to show significant signs of pain. She is 315 days now. What next?
Induce foaling with Dexamethasone
Ten y.o. QH multiparous mare. History of a premature placental separation the pervious foaling. Referred for high-risk pregnancy. Subsequent foalings of a mare with a history of premature placental separation usually results in
A normal foaling
T/F Ejaculation can be induced in the unstimulated stallion by means of drugs alone
True
You are packaging sperm from a stallion for cooled shipment. You should aim for an inseminating dose of
1 billion motile sperm
T/F Cryptorchidism in stallions has a strong genetic component
True
T/F The cervix is always dilatable in the mare due to absence of fibrous rings
True
In the mare fertilized ova descend into the uterus ___ days after fertilization.
5.5 days. UTJ opens due to PGE
Site of ovulation in the mare is the
Ovulation fossa
Mature follicles in the mare are ____
40mm
The mare’s udder has two halves each with ___ glands and 1 teat
2
Regulation of the repro cycle in the mare is governed by the
Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
Major primary follicular wave in the mare starts with uterine PGF and follicle up to 25 mm and finishes with
Ovulation of 40mm follicle
______ is a key component for proper breeding management in the mare
Manipulation of the estrous cycle
Ovulation in the mare occurs
24-48 hours into estrus
Ovulation lasts ____ in the mare
36-44 hours
Cause of uterine edema in the mare during estrus
Estrogen exposure and LH receptors
Ovulation in the mare can be induced with
hCG- IM or IV ovulate 24-48 hours Deslorelin (Sucromate) IM ovulate 38-44 hours Deslorelin pellet Recombinant LH
Why use deslorelin over hCG to enduce ovulation in the mare
Highly effective, wider window for treatment.
Ultrasonographic signs of ovulation in the mare
Echoic spots in antrum, serration of granulosa, decreased turgidity, loss of spherical shape
T/F ultrasonographic appearance of the CL is a good indicator of its age or functionality in the mare
False
Failure of mare to respond to respond to ovulatory inducing agents occurs from
Immature follicles, not enough LH Mares are not in estrus even though follicles present Anovulatory follicles
To use luteolysis for estrus induction in the mare, CL must be
5 days old to be fully responsive to prostaglandin.
T/F prostaglandins can be used for estrus induction but not ovulation induction in the mare
True
Most common management tool in equine reproduction
Prostaglandin treatment
The interval between prostaglandin injection and ovulation is determined by this in the mare
Size of the follicle at the time of treatment. Mares with large follicles >35mm can have undetected ovulations if the mare is not examined prior to treatment.
The most effective way to synchronize the ovulations of 2 mares is by
Determining follicular status and using pGF and deslorelin judiciously
In the horse industry all horses have the universal birthday on ____ regardless of when they are born.
January 1st
Pregnancy rate is expressed by
mares pregnant/ # mares bred. Targets are >60% per cycle and over 90% per season
Stallions by AI will get the maximum number of sperm when collected
Every other day throughout the season
Stallions can breed 2x-4x a day with the limiting factor being
Libido
Appears early in estrus of the mare. Progressively increases and starts to decrease as ovulation approaches. Most mares ovulate with this low
Uterine edema
Cervix relaxed and edematous. (fish bone) Follicle is 30-35 or 40mm. Some folds are easily observed with hyperchoic centers
Grade II uterine edema
Uterine folds are thicker, hypoechoic center, hyperechoic walls. More prominent uterine body but cart wheel shaped
Grade IV uterine edema
Very thick endometrial folds less of normal, increased surface area, and follicles variable but often preovulatory or recently ovulated
Grade V uterine edema
T/F In the mare, breeding prior to ovulation results in higher pregnancy rates
True
When using natural breeding in horses, breed ____ before ovulation
48-72 hours
When using fresh semen in horses, breed ____ before ovulation
<48 hours
When using fresh cooled semen in horses, breed ____ before ovulation
24- <36 hours
When using frozen semen in horses, breed ____ before ovulation
<12 hours
T/F If properly done AI will enhance the fertility of the mare and stallion
True
Semen deposition is placed here in the mare
Uterine body
An alternative deposition spot for AI that can reduce uterine inflammation and increase pregnancy rates in difficult animals
Deep horn insemination
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is used in
old mares where it is not possible to retrieve an embryo, oviductal disease, mares that died
Good vulvar conformation in the mare
1/3 above and 2/3 below the pelvic bone
T/F Rectal examination and U/S exam are reliable ways of determining cervical patency
False
The most sensitive organ to hormonal influence in the mare is
The cervix
During diestrus the cervix is
Closed
When to perform a uterine culture and cytology
During estrus, diestrus if fluid present, always take cytology
Most common bacteria causing endometritis in mares is
Streptococcus zooepidemicus and E. coli
Grade of uterine biopsy in the mare. Normal- 80-90% expected foaling rate
Grade I
Grade of uterine biopsy in the mare. 50-80% expected foaling rate
Grade IIA
Grade of uterine biopsy in the mare. Expected foaling rate <10%
Grade III
Grade of uterine biopsy in the mare. Expected foaling rate of 50-10%
Grade IIB
When everything appears normal but mare is unable to get pregnant or produce an embryo, this is suspected
Oviductal blockage
Most common equine tumor. Causes behavior abnormalities, enlarging ovary with loss of ovulation fossa. Remove the ovary and return to cyclicity in 6-8 months post sx.
Granulosa-thecal cell tumor.
The most embryonic loss in mares occurs
Days 15-42, and in mares >14 years old
Loss of pregnancy once fetal stage starts >45 days in the mare
Abortion
Causes fetal lesions (hydrothorax and pulmonary edema) along with characteristic eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in liver foci. Isolate aborting mares and vaccinate. Vaccinate during month 5,7,9 of pregnancy.
EHV 1-4. Herpes virus
Causes coital exanthema. Transmitted by stallion. Self limiting for 3 weeks. Secondary bacterial infections occurs. Remove from service until healed
EHV-III
Only true venereal disease in horses. Caused by Tylorella equigenitalis
Contagious equine metritis
Pregnancy diagnosis in the mare can be done earlier than in other species because of the presence of this during the first 20 days
Embryonic capsule
Pregnancy diagnosis is the mare is usually done during days
14-16 post ovulation
Fetal sexing in the mare can be done during these days by identifying the
55-65 days, genital tubercule
Twins generally occur due to this in the mare
Double ovulations
Seperation of twins in the mare can be done days ____ during the mobility phase
Days 13-15 Also usually give progesterone and flunixin
T/F If the diagnosis of twins in the mare is done after day 16 and the vesicles are unilateral there is a higher risk of losing both.
True
Possibility that twins will reduce to a single are less than
50%
Transvaginal twin reduction an be performed days_____ unilateral or bilateral
35-50
Cranio-cervical dislocation of a twin in the mare can be performed day
60-100
Transabdominal cardiac puncture can be done to reduce a twin after day
100
Pregnancy in the mare can be diagnoses at day 14-16 but reconfirmed days
28-30
Death of fetus in absence of bacterial infection. Loss of fetal fluid, uterus contracted around the fetus or secondary to twins
Mummification
Dead fetus with bacterial contamination
Maceration
In the mare, amniotic and allantoic fluid depth should not exceed
7.9 +/- 3.5 and 13.4 +/- 4.4 cm
Most reliable parameters to indicate fetal well-being. Recordings are obtained by b or M-mode echocardiography
FHR/FHR reactivity
Signs of placentitis in the mare
Purluent vulval discharge, udder development, premature lactation, cervical dilation, none
How to treat placentitis in the mare
Antibiotic crosses placenta (TMS or gentocin) NSAIDS Uterine relaxants Pentoxyfiline and Asprin
A 6 year old mare pregnant after 2 seasons of trying. Never checked for pregnancy. At day 260 had significant udder development. Most likely diagnosis is
Placentitis and twins
Not associated with other placental dysfunctions or premature placental seperation
Allantoic vesicles
Most common hydropic condition in the mare. Sudden onset of abdominal distension. Lots of fluid on rectal palpation. Need to induce abortion
Hydro-allantois
Cause of colic in late term mare. Low grade pain, prolonged duration. Refractory to painkillers. Must do a rectal exam
Uterine torsion
Characterized in the mare by cranial displacement of the udder, obvious abdominal drop, sero-sanginous to bloody mammary secretion
Pre-pubic tendon rupture
Causes decreased milk, prolonged gestation and abortion. Remove source 30-45 days before parturition. Treat with progesterone and domperidone
Fescue Acremonium coenophialum
In mares the placenta has ___ layers
6
Type of placenta in the mare
Epitheliochorial, diffuse, micro-cotiledonary
Retained fetal membranes in the mare are an emergency after
3 hours
Treatment of retained fetal membranes in the mare
Oxytocin every 30-60 min, Calcium borogluconate, burns technique, manual removal.
Infusion of large volume of fluid in the unruptured chorio-allantoic space to stimulate endogenous oxytocin release int he mare for RFM
Burns technique
Umbilical cord in the amniotic portion of the horse fetus contains
2 arteries, 1 vein, and the urachus
Foaling induction can be performed with
Dexamethasone 100mgs IM SID for 3 days
Post partum septic metritis occurs during this time range post foaling
24 -72 hours
Often found in mares post partum. Usually heal by second intention unless the hematoma becomes infected.
Perineal and bulbar problems 1st and 2nd degree lacerations heal with local therapy
