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Theriogenology > Therio Exam II > Flashcards

Therio Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

How to induce parturition in sheep

A

Dexamethasone IM day 141-142

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2
Q

If vasculitis is suspected based on palpation when preparing semen sample stain it with

A

Diff quick

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3
Q

Evaluated using a undiluted drop of semen on a warmed slide on low power

A

Gross motility

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4
Q

Fetal heartbeat can be determined day ____ on ultrasound in small ruminants

A

Day 25

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5
Q

Causes EED in ewe/doe, Cyclops if ingested between day 12-14 of gestation

A

Skunk Cabbage Veratrum californicum

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6
Q

When performing a C section this approach allows cow to stay standing and gives moderate exposure

A

Left flank

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7
Q

What pestivirus affects small ruminants

A

Border Disease

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8
Q

On meat goat farms, the buck is with the does

A

32 days, or 1 1/2 cycles

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9
Q

Palpable structures in a bull during rectal exam

A

Ampulla, seminal vehicle, prostate, urethalis m., Inguinal rings

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10
Q

Gram + coccobacillus. Rotting hay and silage. Replication in monocytes and then placentitis causes septicemia and abortion. Prediliction for fetoplacental tissues. Abortion in last trimester. Can actually see sick infected cows during and after abortion. (Encephalitis and Neonatal Disease) Diagnose with fetal tissue, autolysed fetuses, pin point yellow necrotic foci on cotyledonary villi and placentitis

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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11
Q

Minimally acceptable morphology in the bull

A

70%

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12
Q

Puberty in the queen

A

4-12 months.

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13
Q

Indications for induced parturition in cows

A

Severe udder edema, vaginal prolapse, abnormal pregnancy

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14
Q

Abnormal accumulation of allantoic fluid during 5-20 day period of last trimester. More common. Placental dysfunction

A

Hydrallantois

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15
Q

What plant causes teratogenic problems, abortions, and infertility

A

Locoweed

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16
Q
A

Ruffled acrosome

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17
Q

Placenta should be expelled by _____ in sheep and goats

A

6 hours

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18
Q

How to induce abortion at 5-150 days gestation

A

Single injection PGF, abort 5 days later than fertile estrous 3-5 days later.

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19
Q

A 9 year old is straining and produces ribbon like feces. The findings on 2 diagnostic procedures you performed are shown. What is your diagnosis?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

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20
Q

In young bulls. Caused by B. Abortus, A pyogenes, and H somnus. Vesicular glands painful. Loss of lobulation. Treat with tetracyclines

A

Vesiculitis

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21
Q

When did the LH peak occur

A

Tuesday

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22
Q

Causes abortion, maceration, placental necrosis, and no signs in queens

A

Feline Herpes virus

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23
Q

Plant that causes summer slump in cattle

A

Fescue

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24
Q

Pestivirus. Hairy shaker lambs. Oral transmission leading to EED and congenital defects. Weak lambs result. Test with virus isolation and cull or isolate new animals.

A

Border disease virus (BDV)

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25
Q

Estrus in the sheep lasts

A

30 hours

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26
Q

CIDRs used for ______ in sheep/goats (progesterone)

A

12-14 days

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27
Q

Only works for hormonal manipulation during breeding season in sheep and goats. Given in 2 doses 9 days apart.

A

Prostaglandins

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28
Q

Flagellated Protozoa. Primarily in preputial crypts. Transmitted during coitus and establishes in tract. Causes fetal loss, usually EED. Bulls are reservoirs. Diagnose with herd history and gradual increase in infertility. Abortions rarely past 150 days, also preputial wash and aspiration onto Diamonds media or InPouch. Tx: Only in negative cultures or bulls less than 4 years old. Use AI, Cull bulls, sexual rest for cows for 3 cycles. Vaccine available.

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

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29
Q

Can be transmitted in utero, usually caused fetal death. Resorption or abortion. Kittens can carry infection

A

FeLV

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30
Q

Common in Herefords. Early and late breeding season. Bull misses vagina and thrusts. Reduces volume and increases pressure in CCP. 75000 mmHg requires to rupture tunica albuginea. Ruptures dorsal aspect of distal bend of sigmoid flexure. Swelling cranial to the scrotum Sexual rest for 60 days. Only 50% return to service.

A

Penile Hematoma

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31
Q

In this animal has embryo migration from right to left on day 8-9

A

Llama

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32
Q

Introducing buck after none present for 30 days causing LH surge, silent ovulation, and a short cycle leading to fertile heats

A

Buck effect

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33
Q

Increased nutrient uptake 20-30%, 2-3 weeks prior to breeding. Done 8 weeks prior in rams

A

Flushing

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34
Q

Not indicated in routine Bull soundness exams

A

Test mating

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35
Q

Prepuce is torn from connection to free portion of penis, Seen in stud bulls as AV injury

A

Preputial avulsion

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36
Q

In sheep and goats can be manipulated by hormonal manipulation, and manipulation of lights and melatonin

A

Anestrous

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37
Q

Causes arthrogryposis of forelimbs and curvature of the spine. Ingestion between 50-75 days.

A

Tobacco Nicotiana glauca

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38
Q

Gram negative coccobacillus. Intracellular. Once was most important disease in cattle in USA. Eradication program started 1934. Zoonotic (Undulant Fever). Transmitted via mucus membranes and causes fetal bacteremia and choriollantoic necrosis and abortion. Bulls can be carriers and so is frozen semen. Biggest sign is abortion during 5th month, followed by RFM and metritis Dx: Intercotyledonary areas are like Moroccan leather. Isolate organism. Tx: Reportable. Vaccinate below 1 year of age. Special ear tag

A

Brucella abortus

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39
Q

Acutely infected queen arrests fetal development causing abortion of infected kittens. Post natal can be transmitted in milk.

A

FIV

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40
Q

Examined with a small amount of semen diluted with saline. P

A

Progressive motility

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41
Q

Minimally required normal morphology for bulls

A

70%

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42
Q

T/F the queen is a long day seasonal breeder

A

True

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43
Q

Most common cause of dystocia in the queen

A

Primary uterine inertia

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44
Q

Estrus determined in the ewe by

A

Vulvar swelling and anorexia

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45
Q

Stage in cat that only occurs when ovulation is induced. Usually 65 days or 40 days if pseusdopregnancy

A

Diestrus

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46
Q

Most causes of abortion in sheep and goats are

A

Zoonotic

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47
Q

Pyrethroid insecticides do not appear to cause harmful effects on

A

Bull fertility

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48
Q

Failure of cervix to completely dilate. Common in ewe, heritable. Treat with C section

A

Ringwomb

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49
Q

Minimum scrotal circumference in the bull <15 months old

A

30 cm

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50
Q

Acts to cause luteolysis. Will occur at any time given after day 5-6. No effect on placental P4 production

A

PGF

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51
Q

Gradual accumulation of excessive amniotic fluid. Fetal dysfunction. Prevents swallowing or intestinal transport of amniotic fluids

A

Hydamnios

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52
Q

Time period for formation of the CL

A

Metestrus

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53
Q

Apical Ligament of bull penis is too long

A

Rainbow/ventral deviation

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54
Q

Sperm defect that originates in the testis during spermatogenesis. Production problem, usually involves head and middle piece

A

Primary morphological abnormalities

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55
Q

Occurs in male tortoise shell or calico cats.

A

testicular hypoplasia

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56
Q

In cat, stage of estrus cycle when ovulation has occurred

A

Diestrus

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57
Q

Found in normal repro tract. Causes granular vulvovaginitis and salpingitis. Sporadic cause of abortion.

A

Mycoplasma and Ureoplasma

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58
Q

Agent most likely responsible for clinically sick cow that aborts

A

Listeria

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59
Q

Incomplete separation of the penis and prepuce. Causes ventral deviation. Surgical excision to treat. Heritable.

A

Persistent Frenulum

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60
Q

A sperm defect that originates in the epididymis. Transit defect

A

Secondary morphological abnormalities

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61
Q

Localized dilation of spermatic vein. More common in rams

A

Varicocele

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62
Q

Gestation in the doe

A

150 days

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63
Q

T/F Pyometra is a disease of postpubertal bitches in anestrus

A

False

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64
Q

In cat, period between successive estrus periods if no ovulation, no luteal tissue on overly so no progesterone. Can be 8-10 days before next receptivity

A

Post estrus

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65
Q

Causes 70% fungal abortions in cattle. Transmission propagated in winter/spring during increased confinement of cattle. Placentitis and abortion. Necrosis and thickening of intercotyledonary space. Mycotic plaques on fetus.

A

Aspergillosis fumigatus

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66
Q

Over fetus when born except for orifices in llama. Called fourth membrane.

A

Epidermal membrane

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67
Q

How to detect estrus in herd ewes/does

A

Vasectomized teaser rams 14 days (2-4 rams for 100 ewes) Change color in marking device every 14 days

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68
Q

In sheep, rare to cause abortion. Causes epididymitis in rams.

A

Brucella ovis

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69
Q

Placentomes can be determined day ____ on ultrasound in small ruminants

A

Day 35

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70
Q

Ewe estrous cycle lasts

A

17 days

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71
Q

Reduces placental P4 production. Has no effect on the CL

A

Corticosteroids

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72
Q

A breeding dog has an unilaterally swollen epididymis with normal testes. You tested the dog for Brucella canis and the test came back negative. What would you recommend to the client?

A

Retest the dog in a month

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73
Q

Most common source of BVDV

A

Persistently infected calves

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74
Q

Uterine involution occurs in ______ in sheep and goats

A

30 days postpartum

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75
Q

CL is mature and producing progesterone in doe and ewe

A

Diestrus

76
Q

During this stage in the cat, vocalization, rolling behavior, assuming breeding position and estrogen is high. Occurs for 3-16 days. When bred reflex LH released from pituitary. 4 or more breedings give 100% ovulation

A

Estrus

77
Q

A definitive diagnosis for pregnancy in bitches is based on

A

Measurement of Relaxin 28 days after fertilization

78
Q

Transmitted by homosexual riding among young bulls, enters through wounds. Scant hemorrhage after coitus. Surgical excision to treat

A

Papilloma (warts)

79
Q

P4 is produced by _____ in the sheep

A

Placenta

80
Q

Estrus in the doe

A

36 hours

81
Q

In goats, causes abortion weak kids, and mastitis. Low incidence in america.

A

Brucella melitensis

82
Q

Preputial prolapse is seen less commonly than in

A

Bos taurus

83
Q

T/F mismatch get shots must be administered within 23 days of breeding?

A

False

84
Q

Enzootic abortion of ewes. Zoonotic. Obligate intracellular. Important in goats. Causes Placentitis and late term abortion. Necrotic placentitis of cotyledonary and intercotyledonary areas. Dx with histopath Zeil Neilson stain. Treat with tetracycline . Also can cause pneumonia, keratoconjunctivits, epididymitis, and polyarthritis in sheep and goats

A

Chlamydophila abortus

85
Q

Zoonotic. Ewes are ill. Rotting hay and silage. Treat with tetracyclines

A

Listeria monocytogenes

86
Q

Most frequent diagnosis of viral abortion

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

87
Q

Accumulates in plants after drought and fertilizers. Rumen microbes makes toxic. Fetal hypoxeia and death, late gestation abortions. Test ocular fluid and aborted fetus.

A

Nitrates

88
Q

When fetal death is greater than 260 days

A

Stillbirth

89
Q

Sheep are fertile for

A

3-6 years

90
Q

T/F Progesterone supplementation during pregnancy can feminize male feti?

A

False Masculanizes females

91
Q

What hormone aids in uterine involution

A

Oxytocin

92
Q

Most gestation in the llama occurs in this uterine horn

A

Left

93
Q

Inducing an abortion in a cow at 200 days in gestation requires

A

Combination of PGF2a and corticosteroids

94
Q

Can be used for urethral collection of semen in the cat. Used with urinary catheter, open ended, not all the way to the bladder.

A

Medetomidine

95
Q

Puberty reached in llama at

A

1-3 years

96
Q

Gestation in the ewe

A

147 days

97
Q

Causes sporadic abortion is sheep/goats or large outbreaks. Most significant cause of abortion in North America. Zoonotic. Rare in goats

A

Camplylobacter jejuni (sporadic) fetus fetus (large outbreaks)

98
Q

Zoonotic. Causes encephalitis and blindness in humans. Abortion and weak animals. If 30-90 days of gestation causes mummy. Cotyledons have white to yellow focal necrosis. Culture of fetus and placent

A

Toxoplasmosis

99
Q

Causes cerebellar hypoplasia in cats

A

Feline panleukopenia virus

100
Q

Evaluated in semen stained with eosin nigrosin stain

A

Morphology

101
Q

First green forage to appear. Causes crooked calf syndrome. Ingestion during 50-75 days in gestation

A

Poison Hemlock Conium maculatum

102
Q

Usually in a young queen under influence of luteal P4. Regresses after luteolysis

A

Mammary Hypertrophy

103
Q

When performing penile resection, remaining prepuce should be

A

Minimum of 1 1/2 times the length of free portion of penis

104
Q

Determination of pregnancy in queen

A

Progesterone elevated 30-40 ng/mL Relaxin detectable on day 25. Radiographs say 43 U/S heartbeat by day 25

105
Q

When can vesicle be seen on u/s for small ruminants

A

18-20 days transrectal

106
Q

Accessory sex glands in the bull

A

Prostate, Bulbourethral glands, Vesicular glands, Ampulla

107
Q

Used to detect pregnancy in small ruminants

A

MRP-Interferon tau Ultrasound Bagging up Ballotement- 100 days

108
Q

Which stage of cycle is shown in this cytology

A

Diestrus

109
Q

Mono and Di-terpenes, saponins, oxygenated flavonol methyl esters. Toxicity based on growing conditions. Abortion and retained fetal membranes. Spring time

A

Broomweed or Snakeweed

110
Q

Zoonotic. Aerobic spirochete. Host adapted loses fertility and non host causes abortion storms. Incubation is 4-10 days. Localizes and persists in renal tubules. No signs usually. Transmitted through urine and be in environment for 30 days. Fluorescent antibody test for dx. Vaccination available

A

Leptospirosis

111
Q

When did ovulation commence in this bitch

A

Thursday

112
Q

Production of this leads to formation of spines on the penis

A

Testosterone

113
Q

How to induce abortion at 150-240 days of gestation.

A

Must remove ovarian and placental P4, combo of PGF and corticosteroids. Treatment of choice in unknowns

114
Q

After ______ or more contractions and failure to deliver fetus warrants intervention in sheep and goats

A

30 minutes

115
Q

Obligate intracellular rickettsial organism in sheep/goats. Causes Q fever. Zoonotic. Usually subclinical but can cause abortion outbreaks. Necrotizing placentitis. Treat with tetracyclines

A

Coxiella burnetii

116
Q

When should she be bred with cooled semen

A

Saturday and monday

117
Q

Contains Isocrupressic acid. 50% abortion. Vasoconstriction of carnucles and hemorrhagic placentitis. Feeding corn silage reduces ingestion

A

Ponderosa pine

118
Q

An abnormality that will express a decrease in fertility at the % level of its occurrence. These compete with normal sperm but cant fertilize. Increases sperm number doesnt increase fertilization

A

Non compensable defect

119
Q

Four parts of bull breeding soundness guidelines

A

Physical exam Minimal scrotal circumference based on age Minimum progressive motility of 30% Minimum of 70% morphologically normal cells

120
Q

Worldwide Protozoa. Dogs are definitive hosts. Transmitted vertically and no disease in the dam. Abortion in 3rd trimester and cow not ill. Fetus is autolysed. Test fetal tissue and cows. Disrupt contact with host to prevent spread

A

Neospora caninum

121
Q

Morphological defect that can be compensated for by additional normal sperm. Ex. Bent tail

A

Compensable defect

122
Q

Puberty occurs in ______ in the sheep

A

5-15 months

123
Q

T/F treatment of endometritis should always involve an intrauterine flush?

A

false

124
Q

Fungus on plant produces toxic alkaloids (Ergovaline). Causes peripheral vasoconstriction (summer slump in cattle). Rotate off this plant in the summer.

A

Fescue

125
Q

Causes severe limb and spinal deformities. Ingestion between 40-70 days. Not tetrogenic in small ruminants

A

Lupines Anagyrine and ammodendrine

126
Q

Estrous cycle in goats is 21 days, the estrous cycle in sheep is

A

17 days

127
Q

Most common causes of dystocia in sheep and goats

A

Fetal postural abnormalities. Multiple fetuses trying to exit at the same time

128
Q

Usually prepartum occurrence in ewes, caused by tail docking and estrogen in clovers. Replace and retain or cull

A

Vaginal prolapse

129
Q

Which stage of cycle is shown in this cytology

A

Anestrus

130
Q

Gram - microaerophilic rod, comma shaped. Obligate parasite of bovine. Transmitted during coitus, leading to EED. Also transmitted on fomites. Diagnosed by delayed return to estrus. Can use Clarks media for culture of scrapings and mucus. Tx: Cull bulls, cow clears in 3-6 months. Control with AI and vaccination of cows.

A

Camplylobacter foetus veneralis

131
Q

Common inhabitant of vagina. Causes weak calves and stillbirths more than abortion. Pure culture for diagnosis

A

Haemophilus somnus

132
Q

Seasonal breeder, long daylight hours necessary for cycling

A

Feline

133
Q

Abortion after 120 days may lead to

A

Retained fetal membranes

134
Q

Which drug would be appropriate to give in a protocol to induce an abortion in a bitch at around 30 days of gestation?

A

Prostaglandin

135
Q

Meat goat programs have ______ kidding programs

A

Controlled

136
Q

Which stage of cycle is shown in this cytology

A

Estrus

137
Q

P4 produced by ___ in the doe

A

CL

138
Q

Estrous cycle in the doe

A

21 days

139
Q

Diagnosed by prolonged estrus, increase in estrogen levels, and u/s in the queen. Treat with HCG or GnRH

A

Ovarian cysts

140
Q

Measurement of cystic ovarian follicles are > ____

A

25 mm

141
Q

Skeletal structures can be determined day ____ on ultrasound in small ruminants

A

Day 60

142
Q
A

Severely bent tail

143
Q
A

Pseudo droplet (Mitochondrial defect)

144
Q

Test for ovarian remnant syndrome in the queen

A

Estrogen AMH is high

145
Q

Emollient ointment used in preputial laceration in the bull.

A

Petercillin. Tetracycline, scarlet oil, and anhydrous lanolin.

146
Q

Dairy goat farms have _____ kidding

A

Year round

147
Q

Apical ligament cannot be maintained in normal position

A

Corkscrew or spiral deviation of penis

148
Q

More common in bucks, associated with intersex

A

Sperm granulomas

149
Q

Canine placenta is zonary with how many layers

A

5

150
Q

Puberty occurs at this age in the male cat

A

9 months

151
Q

When can you manually disrupt pregnancy

A

30-12 days. May take 3-4 weeks to work

152
Q

When should she be bred with frozen semen

A

Monday

153
Q

During this stage, cat has increased activity, rubbing on things, and estrogen levels are rising

A

Proestrus

154
Q

Treatment for retained fetal membranes in small ruminants

A

None or oxytocin or PGF2a

155
Q

When can you retest breeding soundness in the bull

A

60 days

156
Q

When fetal death occurs in less than 8 weeks

A

Early embryonic death

157
Q

Causes limb deformities if ingested between 40-70 days

A

Anagyrine

158
Q

Minimum acceptable motility in the bull

A

30%

159
Q

Motility of cat sperm should be

A

40-80%

160
Q

Female goats need to be ______ adult body weight before entering the breeding herd

A

60-70%

161
Q

Occurs in first trimester of pregnancy. Multiple fetuses. Caused by negative energy balance causing activated lipases leading to ketosis. Obese or too thin ewes are more prone. Tx with dextrose, glucose and remove fetuses

A

Pregnancy toxemia

162
Q

Which species has only a prostate and bulbourethral gland

A

Alpaca and Cat

163
Q

Disease in Asia, Africa, Australia. Transmitted by cullicoides and mosquitos. CNS in dam and congenital defects

A

Akabane virus

164
Q

Caused by prolonged luteal phase in goats. Increased abdominal size, anestrus, and under development. Treat with PGF2a

A

Pseudopregnancy

165
Q

Causes neuro signs, abortion, and hydrops/arthrogryposis. Cattle get hooked and cant quit. Causes economic loss.

A

Locoweed Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.

166
Q

How to induce parturition in goats

A

PGF and Dexamethasone

167
Q

When did the LH peak occur?

A

Friday

168
Q

Morphology of sperm in cat should be

A

50-70%

169
Q

Luteolysis occurs due to

A

PGF2a

170
Q

Satisfactory scrotal circumference for sheep and goats

A

20-30 cm

171
Q

In camelids pregnancy should be established in

A

Left horn

172
Q

How long does uterine involution normally take

A

25-50 days

173
Q

In southwestern US. Transmitted by mosquitos. Causes CNS depression and invades placenta leading to still birth and congenital defects. Vaccinate sheep/goats and isolate from vector

A

Cache Valley Disease

174
Q

Which stage of cycle is shown in this cytology

A

Proestrus

175
Q

Orbivirus. Infects cattle and sheep. Transmitted by Culicoides. Teratogenesis more common than abortion. MLV vaccines

A

Bluetongue virus

176
Q

What is this

A

Buhner needle

177
Q

Minimum scrotal circumference in the bull >24 months old

A

34 cm

178
Q

Causes Kitten Mortality Complex. Repeat breeders common. Fading kittens results. Common in cattery

A

Feline Infectious Periotonitis

179
Q

Causes hepatic necrosis, outbreaks can be controlled with tetracyclines and removal of pregnant ewes. Vaccinate before breeding

A

Camplylobacter spp.

180
Q

Which isnt a differential diagnosis for tissue protruding from the vulva? Vaginal Hyperplasia Enlarged clitoris of an intersex Subinvoluted placental sites Transmissible Venereal Disease

A

Subinvoluted placental sites

181
Q

Estrus is classified in the doe as

A

Length of time from standing to be mounted to refusal

182
Q

Most common viral abortion in North America, Airborne transmission possible. Latency and venereal form. Rare abortions but pustular vulvoganinitis and balanoposthitis. Abortion storms can occur in herd, between 4-8 months gestation. Can have respiratory signs. Dx by lesions. Venereal resolves in 1-2 weeks

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) BHV-1

183
Q

Gestation in llama

A

11.5 months

184
Q

Number of fetuses in sheep and goats can be determined day ____ on u/s

A

Day 90

185
Q

Minimal required motility for bulls

A

30%

186
Q

Single stranded enveloped RNA virus. Two genotypes (BVDV1 and 2) Cytopathic and non (PI calves). Vertical transmission resulting in PI calves in utero 120-150 days).

A

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Theriogenology (2 decks)

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