Therio Exam II Flashcards
How to induce parturition in sheep
Dexamethasone IM day 141-142
If vasculitis is suspected based on palpation when preparing semen sample stain it with
Diff quick
Evaluated using a undiluted drop of semen on a warmed slide on low power
Gross motility
Fetal heartbeat can be determined day ____ on ultrasound in small ruminants
Day 25
Causes EED in ewe/doe, Cyclops if ingested between day 12-14 of gestation
Skunk Cabbage Veratrum californicum
When performing a C section this approach allows cow to stay standing and gives moderate exposure
Left flank
What pestivirus affects small ruminants
Border Disease
On meat goat farms, the buck is with the does
32 days, or 1 1/2 cycles
Palpable structures in a bull during rectal exam
Ampulla, seminal vehicle, prostate, urethalis m., Inguinal rings
Gram + coccobacillus. Rotting hay and silage. Replication in monocytes and then placentitis causes septicemia and abortion. Prediliction for fetoplacental tissues. Abortion in last trimester. Can actually see sick infected cows during and after abortion. (Encephalitis and Neonatal Disease) Diagnose with fetal tissue, autolysed fetuses, pin point yellow necrotic foci on cotyledonary villi and placentitis
Listeria monocytogenes
Minimally acceptable morphology in the bull
70%
Puberty in the queen
4-12 months.
Indications for induced parturition in cows
Severe udder edema, vaginal prolapse, abnormal pregnancy
Abnormal accumulation of allantoic fluid during 5-20 day period of last trimester. More common. Placental dysfunction
Hydrallantois
What plant causes teratogenic problems, abortions, and infertility
Locoweed
Ruffled acrosome
Placenta should be expelled by _____ in sheep and goats
6 hours
How to induce abortion at 5-150 days gestation
Single injection PGF, abort 5 days later than fertile estrous 3-5 days later.
A 9 year old is straining and produces ribbon like feces. The findings on 2 diagnostic procedures you performed are shown. What is your diagnosis?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
In young bulls. Caused by B. Abortus, A pyogenes, and H somnus. Vesicular glands painful. Loss of lobulation. Treat with tetracyclines
Vesiculitis
When did the LH peak occur
Tuesday
Causes abortion, maceration, placental necrosis, and no signs in queens
Feline Herpes virus
Plant that causes summer slump in cattle
Fescue
Pestivirus. Hairy shaker lambs. Oral transmission leading to EED and congenital defects. Weak lambs result. Test with virus isolation and cull or isolate new animals.
Border disease virus (BDV)
Estrus in the sheep lasts
30 hours
CIDRs used for ______ in sheep/goats (progesterone)
12-14 days
Only works for hormonal manipulation during breeding season in sheep and goats. Given in 2 doses 9 days apart.
Prostaglandins
Flagellated Protozoa. Primarily in preputial crypts. Transmitted during coitus and establishes in tract. Causes fetal loss, usually EED. Bulls are reservoirs. Diagnose with herd history and gradual increase in infertility. Abortions rarely past 150 days, also preputial wash and aspiration onto Diamonds media or InPouch. Tx: Only in negative cultures or bulls less than 4 years old. Use AI, Cull bulls, sexual rest for cows for 3 cycles. Vaccine available.
Tritrichomonas foetus
Can be transmitted in utero, usually caused fetal death. Resorption or abortion. Kittens can carry infection
FeLV
Common in Herefords. Early and late breeding season. Bull misses vagina and thrusts. Reduces volume and increases pressure in CCP. 75000 mmHg requires to rupture tunica albuginea. Ruptures dorsal aspect of distal bend of sigmoid flexure. Swelling cranial to the scrotum Sexual rest for 60 days. Only 50% return to service.
Penile Hematoma
In this animal has embryo migration from right to left on day 8-9
Llama
Introducing buck after none present for 30 days causing LH surge, silent ovulation, and a short cycle leading to fertile heats
Buck effect
Increased nutrient uptake 20-30%, 2-3 weeks prior to breeding. Done 8 weeks prior in rams
Flushing
Not indicated in routine Bull soundness exams
Test mating
Prepuce is torn from connection to free portion of penis, Seen in stud bulls as AV injury
Preputial avulsion
In sheep and goats can be manipulated by hormonal manipulation, and manipulation of lights and melatonin
Anestrous
Causes arthrogryposis of forelimbs and curvature of the spine. Ingestion between 50-75 days.
Tobacco Nicotiana glauca
Gram negative coccobacillus. Intracellular. Once was most important disease in cattle in USA. Eradication program started 1934. Zoonotic (Undulant Fever). Transmitted via mucus membranes and causes fetal bacteremia and choriollantoic necrosis and abortion. Bulls can be carriers and so is frozen semen. Biggest sign is abortion during 5th month, followed by RFM and metritis Dx: Intercotyledonary areas are like Moroccan leather. Isolate organism. Tx: Reportable. Vaccinate below 1 year of age. Special ear tag
Brucella abortus
Acutely infected queen arrests fetal development causing abortion of infected kittens. Post natal can be transmitted in milk.
FIV
Examined with a small amount of semen diluted with saline. P
Progressive motility
Minimally required normal morphology for bulls
70%
T/F the queen is a long day seasonal breeder
True
Most common cause of dystocia in the queen
Primary uterine inertia
Estrus determined in the ewe by
Vulvar swelling and anorexia
Stage in cat that only occurs when ovulation is induced. Usually 65 days or 40 days if pseusdopregnancy
Diestrus
Most causes of abortion in sheep and goats are
Zoonotic
Pyrethroid insecticides do not appear to cause harmful effects on
Bull fertility
Failure of cervix to completely dilate. Common in ewe, heritable. Treat with C section
Ringwomb
Minimum scrotal circumference in the bull <15 months old
30 cm
Acts to cause luteolysis. Will occur at any time given after day 5-6. No effect on placental P4 production
PGF
Gradual accumulation of excessive amniotic fluid. Fetal dysfunction. Prevents swallowing or intestinal transport of amniotic fluids
Hydamnios
Time period for formation of the CL
Metestrus
Apical Ligament of bull penis is too long
Rainbow/ventral deviation
Sperm defect that originates in the testis during spermatogenesis. Production problem, usually involves head and middle piece
Primary morphological abnormalities
Occurs in male tortoise shell or calico cats.
testicular hypoplasia
In cat, stage of estrus cycle when ovulation has occurred
Diestrus
Found in normal repro tract. Causes granular vulvovaginitis and salpingitis. Sporadic cause of abortion.
Mycoplasma and Ureoplasma
Agent most likely responsible for clinically sick cow that aborts
Listeria
Incomplete separation of the penis and prepuce. Causes ventral deviation. Surgical excision to treat. Heritable.
Persistent Frenulum
A sperm defect that originates in the epididymis. Transit defect
Secondary morphological abnormalities
Localized dilation of spermatic vein. More common in rams
Varicocele
Gestation in the doe
150 days
T/F Pyometra is a disease of postpubertal bitches in anestrus
False
In cat, period between successive estrus periods if no ovulation, no luteal tissue on overly so no progesterone. Can be 8-10 days before next receptivity
Post estrus
Causes 70% fungal abortions in cattle. Transmission propagated in winter/spring during increased confinement of cattle. Placentitis and abortion. Necrosis and thickening of intercotyledonary space. Mycotic plaques on fetus.
Aspergillosis fumigatus
Over fetus when born except for orifices in llama. Called fourth membrane.
Epidermal membrane
How to detect estrus in herd ewes/does
Vasectomized teaser rams 14 days (2-4 rams for 100 ewes) Change color in marking device every 14 days
In sheep, rare to cause abortion. Causes epididymitis in rams.
Brucella ovis
Placentomes can be determined day ____ on ultrasound in small ruminants
Day 35
Ewe estrous cycle lasts
17 days
Reduces placental P4 production. Has no effect on the CL
Corticosteroids
A breeding dog has an unilaterally swollen epididymis with normal testes. You tested the dog for Brucella canis and the test came back negative. What would you recommend to the client?
Retest the dog in a month
Most common source of BVDV
Persistently infected calves
Uterine involution occurs in ______ in sheep and goats
30 days postpartum
CL is mature and producing progesterone in doe and ewe
Diestrus
During this stage in the cat, vocalization, rolling behavior, assuming breeding position and estrogen is high. Occurs for 3-16 days. When bred reflex LH released from pituitary. 4 or more breedings give 100% ovulation
Estrus
A definitive diagnosis for pregnancy in bitches is based on
Measurement of Relaxin 28 days after fertilization
Transmitted by homosexual riding among young bulls, enters through wounds. Scant hemorrhage after coitus. Surgical excision to treat
Papilloma (warts)
P4 is produced by _____ in the sheep
Placenta
Estrus in the doe
36 hours
In goats, causes abortion weak kids, and mastitis. Low incidence in america.
Brucella melitensis
Preputial prolapse is seen less commonly than in
Bos taurus
T/F mismatch get shots must be administered within 23 days of breeding?
False
Enzootic abortion of ewes. Zoonotic. Obligate intracellular. Important in goats. Causes Placentitis and late term abortion. Necrotic placentitis of cotyledonary and intercotyledonary areas. Dx with histopath Zeil Neilson stain. Treat with tetracycline . Also can cause pneumonia, keratoconjunctivits, epididymitis, and polyarthritis in sheep and goats
Chlamydophila abortus
Zoonotic. Ewes are ill. Rotting hay and silage. Treat with tetracyclines
Listeria monocytogenes
Most frequent diagnosis of viral abortion
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Accumulates in plants after drought and fertilizers. Rumen microbes makes toxic. Fetal hypoxeia and death, late gestation abortions. Test ocular fluid and aborted fetus.
Nitrates
When fetal death is greater than 260 days
Stillbirth
Sheep are fertile for
3-6 years
T/F Progesterone supplementation during pregnancy can feminize male feti?
False Masculanizes females
What hormone aids in uterine involution
Oxytocin
Most gestation in the llama occurs in this uterine horn
Left
Inducing an abortion in a cow at 200 days in gestation requires
Combination of PGF2a and corticosteroids
Can be used for urethral collection of semen in the cat. Used with urinary catheter, open ended, not all the way to the bladder.
Medetomidine
Puberty reached in llama at
1-3 years
Gestation in the ewe
147 days
Causes sporadic abortion is sheep/goats or large outbreaks. Most significant cause of abortion in North America. Zoonotic. Rare in goats
Camplylobacter jejuni (sporadic) fetus fetus (large outbreaks)
Zoonotic. Causes encephalitis and blindness in humans. Abortion and weak animals. If 30-90 days of gestation causes mummy. Cotyledons have white to yellow focal necrosis. Culture of fetus and placent
Toxoplasmosis
Causes cerebellar hypoplasia in cats
Feline panleukopenia virus
Evaluated in semen stained with eosin nigrosin stain
Morphology
First green forage to appear. Causes crooked calf syndrome. Ingestion during 50-75 days in gestation
Poison Hemlock Conium maculatum
Usually in a young queen under influence of luteal P4. Regresses after luteolysis
Mammary Hypertrophy
When performing penile resection, remaining prepuce should be
Minimum of 1 1/2 times the length of free portion of penis
Determination of pregnancy in queen
Progesterone elevated 30-40 ng/mL Relaxin detectable on day 25. Radiographs say 43 U/S heartbeat by day 25
When can vesicle be seen on u/s for small ruminants
18-20 days transrectal
Accessory sex glands in the bull
Prostate, Bulbourethral glands, Vesicular glands, Ampulla
Used to detect pregnancy in small ruminants
MRP-Interferon tau Ultrasound Bagging up Ballotement- 100 days
Which stage of cycle is shown in this cytology
Diestrus
Mono and Di-terpenes, saponins, oxygenated flavonol methyl esters. Toxicity based on growing conditions. Abortion and retained fetal membranes. Spring time
Broomweed or Snakeweed
Zoonotic. Aerobic spirochete. Host adapted loses fertility and non host causes abortion storms. Incubation is 4-10 days. Localizes and persists in renal tubules. No signs usually. Transmitted through urine and be in environment for 30 days. Fluorescent antibody test for dx. Vaccination available
Leptospirosis
When did ovulation commence in this bitch
Thursday
Production of this leads to formation of spines on the penis
Testosterone
How to induce abortion at 150-240 days of gestation.
Must remove ovarian and placental P4, combo of PGF and corticosteroids. Treatment of choice in unknowns
After ______ or more contractions and failure to deliver fetus warrants intervention in sheep and goats
30 minutes
Obligate intracellular rickettsial organism in sheep/goats. Causes Q fever. Zoonotic. Usually subclinical but can cause abortion outbreaks. Necrotizing placentitis. Treat with tetracyclines
Coxiella burnetii
When should she be bred with cooled semen
Saturday and monday
Contains Isocrupressic acid. 50% abortion. Vasoconstriction of carnucles and hemorrhagic placentitis. Feeding corn silage reduces ingestion
Ponderosa pine
An abnormality that will express a decrease in fertility at the % level of its occurrence. These compete with normal sperm but cant fertilize. Increases sperm number doesnt increase fertilization
Non compensable defect
Four parts of bull breeding soundness guidelines
Physical exam Minimal scrotal circumference based on age Minimum progressive motility of 30% Minimum of 70% morphologically normal cells
Worldwide Protozoa. Dogs are definitive hosts. Transmitted vertically and no disease in the dam. Abortion in 3rd trimester and cow not ill. Fetus is autolysed. Test fetal tissue and cows. Disrupt contact with host to prevent spread
Neospora caninum
Morphological defect that can be compensated for by additional normal sperm. Ex. Bent tail
Compensable defect
Puberty occurs in ______ in the sheep
5-15 months
T/F treatment of endometritis should always involve an intrauterine flush?
false
Fungus on plant produces toxic alkaloids (Ergovaline). Causes peripheral vasoconstriction (summer slump in cattle). Rotate off this plant in the summer.
Fescue
Causes severe limb and spinal deformities. Ingestion between 40-70 days. Not tetrogenic in small ruminants
Lupines Anagyrine and ammodendrine
Estrous cycle in goats is 21 days, the estrous cycle in sheep is
17 days
Most common causes of dystocia in sheep and goats
Fetal postural abnormalities. Multiple fetuses trying to exit at the same time
Usually prepartum occurrence in ewes, caused by tail docking and estrogen in clovers. Replace and retain or cull
Vaginal prolapse
Which stage of cycle is shown in this cytology
Anestrus
Gram - microaerophilic rod, comma shaped. Obligate parasite of bovine. Transmitted during coitus, leading to EED. Also transmitted on fomites. Diagnosed by delayed return to estrus. Can use Clarks media for culture of scrapings and mucus. Tx: Cull bulls, cow clears in 3-6 months. Control with AI and vaccination of cows.
Camplylobacter foetus veneralis
Common inhabitant of vagina. Causes weak calves and stillbirths more than abortion. Pure culture for diagnosis
Haemophilus somnus
Seasonal breeder, long daylight hours necessary for cycling
Feline
Abortion after 120 days may lead to
Retained fetal membranes
Which drug would be appropriate to give in a protocol to induce an abortion in a bitch at around 30 days of gestation?
Prostaglandin
Meat goat programs have ______ kidding programs
Controlled
Which stage of cycle is shown in this cytology
Estrus
P4 produced by ___ in the doe
CL
Estrous cycle in the doe
21 days
Diagnosed by prolonged estrus, increase in estrogen levels, and u/s in the queen. Treat with HCG or GnRH
Ovarian cysts
Measurement of cystic ovarian follicles are > ____
25 mm
Skeletal structures can be determined day ____ on ultrasound in small ruminants
Day 60
Severely bent tail
Pseudo droplet (Mitochondrial defect)
Test for ovarian remnant syndrome in the queen
Estrogen AMH is high
Emollient ointment used in preputial laceration in the bull.
Petercillin. Tetracycline, scarlet oil, and anhydrous lanolin.
Dairy goat farms have _____ kidding
Year round
Apical ligament cannot be maintained in normal position
Corkscrew or spiral deviation of penis
More common in bucks, associated with intersex
Sperm granulomas
Canine placenta is zonary with how many layers
5
Puberty occurs at this age in the male cat
9 months
When can you manually disrupt pregnancy
30-12 days. May take 3-4 weeks to work
When should she be bred with frozen semen
Monday
During this stage, cat has increased activity, rubbing on things, and estrogen levels are rising
Proestrus
Treatment for retained fetal membranes in small ruminants
None or oxytocin or PGF2a
When can you retest breeding soundness in the bull
60 days
When fetal death occurs in less than 8 weeks
Early embryonic death
Causes limb deformities if ingested between 40-70 days
Anagyrine
Minimum acceptable motility in the bull
30%
Motility of cat sperm should be
40-80%
Female goats need to be ______ adult body weight before entering the breeding herd
60-70%
Occurs in first trimester of pregnancy. Multiple fetuses. Caused by negative energy balance causing activated lipases leading to ketosis. Obese or too thin ewes are more prone. Tx with dextrose, glucose and remove fetuses
Pregnancy toxemia
Which species has only a prostate and bulbourethral gland
Alpaca and Cat
Disease in Asia, Africa, Australia. Transmitted by cullicoides and mosquitos. CNS in dam and congenital defects
Akabane virus
Caused by prolonged luteal phase in goats. Increased abdominal size, anestrus, and under development. Treat with PGF2a
Pseudopregnancy
Causes neuro signs, abortion, and hydrops/arthrogryposis. Cattle get hooked and cant quit. Causes economic loss.
Locoweed Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.
How to induce parturition in goats
PGF and Dexamethasone
When did the LH peak occur?
Friday
Morphology of sperm in cat should be
50-70%
Luteolysis occurs due to
PGF2a
Satisfactory scrotal circumference for sheep and goats
20-30 cm
In camelids pregnancy should be established in
Left horn
How long does uterine involution normally take
25-50 days
In southwestern US. Transmitted by mosquitos. Causes CNS depression and invades placenta leading to still birth and congenital defects. Vaccinate sheep/goats and isolate from vector
Cache Valley Disease
Which stage of cycle is shown in this cytology
Proestrus
Orbivirus. Infects cattle and sheep. Transmitted by Culicoides. Teratogenesis more common than abortion. MLV vaccines
Bluetongue virus
What is this
Buhner needle
Minimum scrotal circumference in the bull >24 months old
34 cm
Causes Kitten Mortality Complex. Repeat breeders common. Fading kittens results. Common in cattery
Feline Infectious Periotonitis
Causes hepatic necrosis, outbreaks can be controlled with tetracyclines and removal of pregnant ewes. Vaccinate before breeding
Camplylobacter spp.
Which isnt a differential diagnosis for tissue protruding from the vulva? Vaginal Hyperplasia Enlarged clitoris of an intersex Subinvoluted placental sites Transmissible Venereal Disease
Subinvoluted placental sites
Estrus is classified in the doe as
Length of time from standing to be mounted to refusal
Most common viral abortion in North America, Airborne transmission possible. Latency and venereal form. Rare abortions but pustular vulvoganinitis and balanoposthitis. Abortion storms can occur in herd, between 4-8 months gestation. Can have respiratory signs. Dx by lesions. Venereal resolves in 1-2 weeks
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) BHV-1
Gestation in llama
11.5 months
Number of fetuses in sheep and goats can be determined day ____ on u/s
Day 90
Minimal required motility for bulls
30%
Single stranded enveloped RNA virus. Two genotypes (BVDV1 and 2) Cytopathic and non (PI calves). Vertical transmission resulting in PI calves in utero 120-150 days).
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
