theries of health behavior

Question 1

What is theory from a health and disease prevention perspective?

Answer 1

Theory explains behavior and suggests ways to achieve behavior change. It represents an interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that serve to explain health behavior or provide a systematic method of guiding health promotion practice

Question 2

What is a model

Answer 2

A composite or mixture of ideas or concepts taken from any number of theories and used together - they help us understand a specific problem in a particular setting that one theory alone can’t do

Question 3

Intrapersonal Theories

Answer 3

factors within the person that influence behavior such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, motivation, self-concept, developmental history, past experience, adn skills. Some theories and models include the Health Belief Model, the Theory of Reasoned Action, Self-Efficacy Theory, Attribution Theory and the Transtheoretical model.

Question 4

Interpersonal Theories

Answer 4

Other people influence our behavior by sharing their thoughts, advice and feelings and by emotional suport and assistance (social network, healthcare providers, etc). Social Cognitive theory is a common one.

Question 5

Community-level Theories

Answer 5

Factors within social systems (communities, organizations, institutions, and public policies) such as rules, regulations, legislation, etc. Diffusion of Innovation, social Ecoloical Model and Social Capital Theory are all examples of this level of theory.

Question 6

Why do we have theories in relation to health behavior?

Answer 6

We need to solve a problem or explain behavior.

Question 7

Inductive reasoning

Answer 7

starts with specific observations or evidence and moves to a conclusion - using inductive reasoning we observe that HIV is transmitted through sexual activity and we observe that condoms preven the transmission of disease through sexual activity, therefore we conclue that condoms prevent the transmission of HIV

Question 8

Deductive reasoning

Answer 8

Starts with the conclusion - condoms prevent the transmission of HIV, and seek the observations to support the conclusion.

Question 9

Health Belief Model

Answer 9

Developed by researchers at US Publi Health Service in 1950s as a means to understand why so few people were being screened for TB. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9YYWY5qPbo

Question 10

What is a health behavior?

Answer 10

All of those things we do that influence our physical mental emotional psychological and spiritual selves. Many factors influence health behaviors such as SES, skills, etc.

Question 11

How does socioeconomic status influence health behaviors?

Answer 11

SES makes a significant contribution to health since it encompasses education, income and occupation. People wiht more education tend to live in safer homes, have better health insurance, and access to healthier foods.

Question 12

How do skills influence health behavior?

Answer 12

Behavior is influenced by having both knowledge and skills - as an example, people may know that condoms decrease HIV transmission but if they don’t know how to use condoms . . .

Question 13

How does culture influence health behavior

Answer 13

Sometimes people with knowledge and skills still dno’t use what they know - often because of cultural norms. Would you stop showering daily if it turned out it was better for skin?

Question 14

How do beliefs contribute to health behaviors?

Answer 14

Beliefs are woven within culture they are one’s own perception of what is true, such as going outside with a wet head causes pneumonia

Question 15

How does attitude affect health behaviors?

Answer 15

When there are a series of beliefs, you get attitudes - the concept that multiple beliefs contrbute to a thought or concept - wet hair, wet socks, and being cld causes pneumonia.

Question 16

How do values contribute to health behaviors?

Answer 16

What is important to people - what we value influences the types of behaviors we adopt - if someone values health they may be more likely to work out, etc.

Question 17

How does religion contribute to health behaviors?

Answer 17

Fasting, dietary restrictions, circumcision, etc.

Question 18

How does gender contribute to health behaviors?

Answer 18

Men engage in fewer health-promoting behaviors and have less healthy lifestyles than women.

Question 19

Constructs

Answer 19

The way concepts are used in a specific theory. Each theory has a concept at heart, and a series of constructs that indicate how a concept is used in that theory. If a theory is a house, the concepts are the bricks and hte constructs are hte way the bricks are used in the house.

Question 20

Variable

Answer 20

an operationalized concept - or how the concept is going to be measured - if you are talking in terms of a house, bricks can be measured by square footage, number, size, or weight.

Question 21

Self efficacy theory

Answer 21

People will only try to do what they think they can do and won’t try to do what they think they can’t do. Constructs
Mastery experience: Prior success at having accomplished something that is similar to the new behavior
Vicarious experience: learning by watching someone similar to ourselves
Verbal persuasion: encouragement by others
Somatic and emotional states: the physical and emotional states caused by thinking about undertaking the new behavior.
Proposed by Albert Bandura in late 1970s - Bandura, 1977, 2004

Question 22

Early Theories felt that . . . .

Answer 22

1. behavior is regulated physically at a subconscious level; behaviors diverging from the prevailing norm are a symptom of a disease or disorder; behavior changes as a result of gaining self-insight throughanalysis with a therapist

Question 23

Mastery experience

Answer 23

a construcf of self efficacy theory - the concept that if you have experience at something, you’ll be better at it later - as an example babysitting and confidence as a new parent

Question 24

Vicarious experience

Answer 24

A construct of self efficacy theory - the observation of successes or failures of others who are similar to yourself . . .

Question 25

Verbal persuasion

Answer 25

A construct of self-efficacy theory - when people are verbally persuaded that they can master a task, it boosts their self-efficacy and makes them more likely to do a task

Question 26

Somatic and emotional states

Answer 26

A construct of self-efficacy theory - the physical and emotional states that occur when someone contemplates donig somethin gprovide clues as to the likelihood of success or failure. Stress, anxiety, worry, and fear all negatively affect self-efficayc and can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy of failure.

Question 27

Self Efficacy has 2 key concepts

Answer 27

1. self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations.

Question 28

Theory of reasoned action/planned behavior

Answer 28

Health behavior is influenced by intention. Constructs:
Attitude: a series of beliefs about something that affects the way we think and behave
Subjective norms: the behaviors we perceive important people expect of us and our desire to comply with those expectations
Volitional control: the extent to hwich we can decide to do something, at will
Behavioral control: the extent of ease or difficulty we believe hte performance of a behavoir to be
Theory of Reasoned Action proposed first - useful in explaining behaviors under someone’s willful (volitional) control, but not inother behaviors.
Theory of Planned Behavior proposed as an addendum - intention is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms and behavoiral control

Question 29

Attitudes

Answer 29

A construcf of TRA/TBP - formed by a series of beliefs and result in a value being placed on a behavior. If someone believes eating soy is healtheri than eating animal protein, better for the enviroment, etc, their attitude toward eating soy is better.

Question 30

Subjective norms

Answer 30

A construct of TRA/TBP - the perceived social pressure to engage or not engage in a certain behavior - it is determined by normative beliefs. Tese are behaviors we perceive important people in our lives expect from us.

Question 31

Volitional Control

Answer 31

A construct of TRA/TBP - behavior is the result of a person’s intention to do something - the behavior has to be under volitional control for this to happen. Eating breakfast, the type of exercise, etc. is all under volitional control. Making a sports team is an example of something not under volitional control.

Question 32

Behavioral control

Answer 32

A construct of TRA/TBP - in situations where there is less volitional control, even when intention si great, the TRA is not useful in predictive or explaining behavior. To address this, behavioral control was added to the theory. Behavioral control is the perceived control over performance of a behavior. For the lacrosse player who didn’t make the team, behavioral control influenced his intention to try out - he believed it would make it easy for him to make hte team.

Question 33

Theories are used as the basis for behavior change interventions because they identify:

Answer 33

why people do what they do.

Question 34

Repeated observation of higher rates of injury among teen athletes during practices with minimal attention to safety equipment use and lower rates during games with maximum attention to safety equipment use leads to the conclusion that safety equipment prevents injury is an example of:

Answer 34

Inductive reasoning

Question 35

Theories

Answer 35

come from a need to solve a problem.

Question 36

Models differ from theories in that they

Answer 36

are based on concepts from different theories rather than just one.

Question 37

Theories at the ___________level focus on the assumption that other people in our lives affect our health decisions and thus, our health behavior.

Answer 37

. Interpersonal

Question 38

Theories are used as the basis for public health programs or interventions because they provide:

Answer 38

a possible explanation for health behavior.

Question 39

Lowering sodium intake reduces stroke risk. Stroke risk is highest among people with high blood pressure. Lower sodium diets help control high blood pressure. This is an example of:

Answer 39

Deductive reasoning

Question 40

Changing the legal limit for a DUI arrest would be consistent with which theoretical level of intervention

Answer 40

Community

Question 41

When using community level theories, behavior change is predicated on

Answer 41

changing factors within social systems.

Question 42

The foundation of self efficacy Theory

Answer 42

At times, your role as a health educator will be to empower your target population to believe in themselves. When this is needed, the Self-Efficacy Theory should be the basis used for the intervention. The keyword to remember with this theory is believe.

Question 43

When you need to change the intention of an individual or society

Answer 43

Sometimes, people will make a decision to engage in a particular behavior. For example, teenagers may decide to drink alcohol underage. The reasons may be varied and can include rebellion and peer pressure, Whatever the reason, the teens are intending to drink alcohol. When trying to change intention in your target population, then the Theory of Planned Behavior should be used as the foundation of the intervention. The keyword to remember with TPB is intention.

Question 44

According to the construct of volitional control, if engaging in a behavior is perceived as being easy, then the likelihood of engaging in the behavior is greater.

Answer 44

FALSE

Question 45

According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, behavior is affected by volitional control because it:

Answer 45

affects intention to engage in a behavior.

Question 46

Which of the following demonstrates use of the Self Efficacy Theory construct of vicarious experiences to increase physical activity among older adults?

Answer 46

The county health department offers hikes led by a retired physical education teacher.

Question 47

Of the following, which is consistent with behavior change for heart disease risk reduction based on increasing self-efficacy through mastery experiences?

Answer 47

Teaching people how to make heart healthy food choices and having them revamp their meals.

Question 48

The Theory of Reasoned Action explains behavior based on:

Answer 48

Intrapersonal factors

Question 49

Which of the following best summarizes the concept of the Self-Efficacy Theory?

Answer 49

People will only attempt to do what they think they can do

Question 50

Which construct of Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on the support we get from others.

Answer 50

Verbal persuasion

Question 51

The difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is that the TPB:

Answer 51

subjective norms

Question 52

If you were using the Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior, to change behavior, which of the following would be your focus?

Answer 52

altering intention.

Question 53

Which construct of the Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on past success engaging in a similar behavior?

Answer 53

Mastery experiences

Question 54

Volitional control refers to:

Answer 54

behavior we can engage in, at will

Question 55

According to the Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior, a person’s attitude toward a behavior results from:

Answer 55

beliefs about the behavior

Question 56

When a woman says she avoids going for a mammogram because the very thought of even being screened for breast cancer frightens her, which of the Self-efficacy theory constructs would explain this behavior?

Answer 56

Somatic and emotional states

Question 57

Which of the following best exemplifies people with high levels of self-efficacy?

Answer 57

They approach a difficult task as a challenge to be overcome, rather than avoided.

Question 58

Self-efficacy is increased through vicarious learning if:

Answer 58

the person being observed is like the observer.

Question 59

Health Belief Model

Answer 59

Personal beliefs influence health behavior: health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9YYWY5qPbo

Question 60

Perceived susceptibility

Answer 60

A construct in the health belief model: an individual’s assessment of his or her chances of getting a disease

Question 61

Perceived benefits

Answer 61

Construct in health belief model: An individual’s conclusion as to whether the new behavior is better than what he or she is already doing

Question 62

Perceived barriers

Answer 62

A construct in health belief model: An individual’s opinion as to what will stop him/her from adopting a new behavior

Question 63

Perceived seriousness

Answer 63

A construct in health belief model: An individual’s judgment as to the severity of the disease

Question 64

Modifying variables

Answer 64

A construct in health belief model: An individual’s personal factors that affect whether the new behavior is adopted. Modifying variables are grouped into three categories: Demographic, sociopsychological (peer group, social class), and structural (knowledge and past experience)

Question 65

Cues to action: Factors that start a person on the way to changing behavior

Answer 65

Events, people or things that move people to change their behavior.

Question 66

Self-efficacy (in health belief model)

Answer 66

personal belief in one’s own ability to do something.

Question 67

Attribution Theory

Answer 67

there is a cause or explanation for things that happen

Question 68

Locus of control

Answer 68

a construct in attribution theory: the extent to which a person believes he/she has control over life events. Two flavors of locus of control: internal and external. A person with an internal locus of control believes events happen as a result of something within himself or herself. A person with an external locus of control believes events happen because of thing soutside th erealm of personal control.

Question 69

Stability

Answer 69

a construct in attribution theory: the extent to which a cause of an event is permanent or temporary;A stable cause of behavior is something htat doesn’t change, it remains the same. Things like intelligence, work ethic, innate ability, and values. Somethings do change, mood, etc.

Question 70

Controllability:

Answer 70

a construct in attribution theory: the extent to which a personl can willfully change a cause of an event; In general, we attribute negative conditions in other people’s lives ot controllable causes - we blame them for their problems because we think we have control over them.

Question 71

What does Can X Try mean

Answer 71

Can X Try is a proposition by Heider in the 40s and 50s - Can represents hte relationship between ability and task difficulty multiplied by Try which is the effort put forth by the person. So success or failure is hte result of how difficult a task is and the person’s ability to do it, multiplied by how much effort the person puts into trying to do it.

Question 72

The perception of threat in the Health Belief Model refers to:

Answer 72

he perception of disease seriousness in combination with susceptibility.

Question 73

Which of the following theories would be most appropriate to use as the basis for an intervention aimed at increasing safer sex practices among older adults in an effort to combat the idea that sexually transmitted diseases are a “young person’s” problem?

Answer 73

Health Belief Model

Question 74

Attribution Theory explains that in order to change behavior the cause of the behavior must be known.

Answer 74

TRUE

Question 75

According to Attribution Theory, it’s important to identify behavioral causes at the individual level because the same behavior may result from different causes for different people.

Answer 75

TRUE

Question 76

If the cause of a behavior is known, then the cause can be avoided and the behavior changed.

Answer 76

Events, people or things that move people to change their behavior.

Question 77

According to the Health Belief Model, benefits have to outweigh barriers in order for behavior to change.

Answer 77

TRUE

Question 78

A manual that increases knowledge of the health problem being addressed and provides possible solutions would be appropriate to help people with an external locus of control change their behavior.

Answer 78

FALSE

Question 79

An example of the Attribution Theory construct of external locus of control to change behavior can be seen in which of the following?

Answer 79

Step 2 of the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous which states “We came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.”

Question 80

Which of the following Health Belief Model construct is most likely to impede behavior change?

Answer 80

Perceived barriers

Question 81

The Health Belief construct of perceived seriousness is best explained by which of the following?

Answer 81

An individual’s opinion of the detrimental effects of a disease

Question 82

According to the Attribution Theory construct of controllability,

Answer 82

undesirable health outcomes viewed by others as having controllable causes, lead to blame and stereotyping.

Question 83

Which of the following is an internal, stable cause of behavior?

Answer 83

intellect

Question 84

The underlying concept of the Health Belief Model explains that behavior results from:

Answer 84

. individual beliefs and perceptions.

Question 85

Instruction from a physician is more successful in changing behavior of people with an external locus of control than in people with an internal locus of control.

Answer 85

TRUE

Question 86

According to Attribution Theory, personal attributes are the basis of all behavior.

Answer 86

FALSE

Question 87

The construct of perceived benefits in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior change is influenced by the extent of expected positive results from the new behavior.

Answer 87

TRUE

Question 88

The Health Belief Model was first developed in response to:

Answer 88

c. the need to understand why people were not accessing free screenings.

Question 89

Attribution Theory came from the desire to understand the basis of success and failure.

Answer 89

TRUE

Question 90

Transtheoretical Model - stages of change

Answer 90

behavior change is a process that occurs in stages; Developed in early 1980s as a way to understand how people change behaviors - in particular addictive behaviors such as smoking, drug use, and alcohol abuse. : tried to answer the following question of arethere basic common principles that can reveal the structure of change occurringw ith and without psychotherapy? Yes. 10 processes.

Question 91

Stages of change construct

Answer 91

A construct in transtheoretical model whihc is when progress toward change happens. 1. Pre-contemplation: people are in this stage for 6 months before they start thinking about changing a behavior to the point when they do start thinkng about it. It’s the pre-thinking stage. They either don’t recognize they have a behavior that needs to be changedbecause they don’t know it’s unhealthy, orthey just aren’t ready to change a behavior they know they should. Contemplation: They recognize there is a problem and have started thinking about making a change. Preparation: once the decision to change is made - it usually lasts only about 1 month, and the preparation time is used to makea plan, obtain tools needed, learn new skills, etc. Action: once preparation is complete, the next 6 months are spent implementing the plan or putting the plan into action to change the behavior. Maintenance: the final stage of change - people work to prevent relapsing to the old behavior - this generally starts about 6 months of being in the active stage of changing and continues for another 6 months.

Question 92

Decisional balance construct

Answer 92

a construct in transtheoretical model - weighing the pros and cons of change; the process of weighing the perceived pros and cons or costs and benefits of the new behavior against the old.

Question 93

Processes of change

Answer 93

A construct in transtheoretical model: how progress toward change happens. While the stages of change help us understand when people change their behaviors, teh processes of change help us understand how change occurs - 10: consciousness raising, dramatic relief or emotional stimuli, environmental reevaluation, social liberation, self-reevaluation, stimulus control, helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, and self-liberation.

Question 94

Self-efficacy

Answer 94

ONe’s belief in one’s own ability to do soemthing - a construct of the transtheoretical model of change. This plays a big role in maintaining the change - has to do with oen’s confidence in coping with situations in which there is a high risk of relapse.

Question 95

TTM proposes that behavior change

Answer 95

is a process that occurs in stages. As people attempt to change their behavior, they move throughdifferent stages usin ga variety of processes to help them get from one stage to the next until the desired behavior is attained.

Question 96

Consciousness Raising

Answer 96

A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: the process whereby people obtain information about themselves and the problem behavior.Seeking new information and gaining an understanding of problem behavior. Accomplished through media campaigns, print materials, noline resources, educational programs

Question 97

Dramatic relief

Answer 97

A part of hte 10 processes of change in TTM: also known as emotional arousal - expressing feelings about or reacting emotionally to the behavior in question and the possible solutions. aka - talking about how much you hate quitting smoking, etc. Done through role playing, personal testimonials, media campaigns, motivational interviews, psychodrama, grieving losses

Question 98

Environmental reevaluation

Answer 98

A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: looking at the behavior being changed (old behavior) in light of its impact or effect on the physical and social environments. The smoker who wants to quit is understanding the environmental effects of smoking. secondhand smoke, etc. Done through empathy training, developing or showing documentarise, family interventions

Question 99

Social liberation

Answer 99

A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: the process whereby options or alternatives are sought that support the new behavior.Accepting the problem-free lifestyle. Done through developing advocacy, policies, empowerment activities

Question 100

Self-reevaluation

Answer 100

A part of hte 10 processes of change in TTM: A process in which people look at themselves with and without the problem behavior and assess the differences in their self-esteem - a woman in an abusive relationship woudl think about what it would be like to not live with her violent partner and how it would make her feel happier about herself. Reappraising personal values with repsect to the problem behavior and seeing one’s self wtih and without the problem behavior

Question 101

Stimulus control

Answer 101

A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: when people remove the cues or triggers for the problem behavior from their environment

Question 102

Helping relationships

Answer 102

A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: relationships with people who act as a support system for changing the unwanted, unhealthy behavior.. Accepting the support of caring others while changing the problem behavior. Done through rapport building, counselor calls, buddy system, etc.

Question 103

Counter conditioning

Answer 103

A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: a healthier behavior is subsittuted for the unhealthy one

Question 104

Reinforcement management

Answer 104

A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: rewards and punishment - although unwanted behavior can be changed through the fear of punishment or negative consequences, rewards for engaging in the targeted behavior are more natural.

Question 105

Self-liberation

Answer 105

A part of hte 10 processes of change in TTM: people choose to change their behavior, elieve they can, and commit to making the change - they free themselves from a behavior in which they no longer choose to engage.

Question 106

Pre-contemplation

Answer 106

A stage of change where people aren’t yet thinking about behavior change. the processes of change present at this stage are consciousness raising, dramatic relief,and environmental reevaluation

Question 107

Contemplation

Answer 107

A stage of change where people have begun to think about behavior change; The processes of change present are self-reevaluation, social liberation, helping relationships, dramatic relief.

Question 108

Preparation

Answer 108

A stage of change where people prepare for behavior change. The processes of change present are self-liberation

Question 109

Action/Maintenance

Answer 109

2 stages of change where people employ behavior change and maintain. The processes of change present are counter conditioning, helping relationships, reinforcment management, and stimulus control.

Question 110

Protection Motivation Theory

Answer 110

PMT - has roots in health communication and the fear appeal. Fear motivates people to change attitudes and behaviors. 3 parts (stimulus variables) 1. the threat severity or how awful or terrible the person believed the threat to be, 2. expectancy of exposure to the threat or the porbabiliby or likelyhood of threatened outcome happening. 3. response efficacy or how effectiev the person believed the recmmended response was in eliminating or minimizing the feared outcome. 4 (added later): self-efficacy expecancy or the belief in his or her own ability to perform a given behavior. Themotivation doesn’t come from fear itself, but rather from the cognitive processes used to appraise the feared outcomes.

Question 111

Threat appraisal

Answer 111

PMT construct - assessing personal vulnerability to, and seriousness of a threat. Has 2 processes: 1. perception of threat severity and2. threat probability or vulnerability.

Question 112

coping appraisal

Answer 112

PMT construct - assessing recommended action effectiveness, personal ability to carry out, and cost. how the recommended action is assessed in terms of effectiveness, personal abiliyt to carry out the action, and cost. It has two cognitive processes 1. coping response efficacy and 2. self-efficacy expectancy or response self-efficacy. Coping response efficacy is the belief that the recommended course of action will indeed prevent or reduce the threat or harm. Self efficacy expectancy or response self-efficacy is an individual’s personal belief in his or her ability to perform the recommended action. Response costs include any cost or expenditure associated with adopting the recommendation.

Question 113

fear appeal

Answer 113

part of PMT - these are useful to change beliefs and behaviors around smoking, heart disease, cancer food safety, environmental hazards, asthma, and diabetes

Question 114

In using the Transtheoretical Model to help people quit smoking, in which stage is the focus on preventing relapse?

Answer 114

Maintenance stage

Question 115

The aim of Protection Motivation Theory is safeguarding against disease transmission.

Answer 115

FALSE

Question 116

According to the coping appraisal construct of Protection Motivation Theory, before people will adopt a recommended behavior, they need proof that it works.

Answer 116

FALSE

Question 117

Which of the following processes of change is most similar to the concept of self-efficacy?

Answer 117

Self-liberation

Question 118

In an effort to move people from the contemplation stage of the Transtheoretical Model to the next stage, which of the following processes would be appropriate to use?

Answer 118

Self-reevaluation

Question 119

According to the Transtheoretical Model, when people are in the process of changing their behavior, one thing they do to move the change along is to see themselves engaging in the new behavior.

Answer 119

TRUE

Question 120

Protection Motivation Theory has its roots in health communication where it is used to:

Answer 120

create fear campaigns to get people to adopt recommended behaviors.

Question 121

In Protection Motivation Theory, it is the extent of seriousness of the health threat more than the extent of personal vulnerability to it that leads to behavior change.

Answer 121

FALSE

Question 122

Protection Motivation Theory tells us that response cost is an important factor to consider when developing an intervention because:

Answer 122

if the price of the recommended action is more than people can ‘spend’, they won’t adopt it.

Question 123

The goal of Protection Motivation Theory is adoption of the adaptive response.

Answer 123

TRUE

Question 124

In the Transtheoretical Model, before a person can move from contemplation to the next stage, which of the following must occur?

Answer 124

A decision must be made to pursue the change.

Question 125

If someone has not given any thought to changing his/her behavior, according to the Transtheoretical Model this person is:

Answer 125

in the pre-contemplation stage of change

Question 126

What would be the rational for using the construct of threat appraisal in the Protection Motivation Theory as the basis of a health communication campaign to reduce the risk of small children dying from being left in hot cars in the summer heat?

Answer 126

Having parents know the seriousness of leaving a child in a hot car and the chance of the child dying, will stop them from doing it.

Question 127

Which of the following is an example of the Transtheoretical Model process of counter -conditioning?

Answer 127

A soda drinker switching to water.

Question 128

Response self-efficacy is the process in the Protection Motivation Theory concerned with community level ability to adopt recommended changes.

Answer 128

FALSE

Question 129

Which of the following is an example of the stimulus control process of change in the Transtheoretical Model for someone who changes to a vegetarian diet?

Answer 129

a. Participating in self-help groups.

Question 130

Response self-efficacy of the Protection Motivation Theory impacts behavior change in that it:

Answer 130

a. reflects belief in personal ability to perform the recommended behavior.

Question 131

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 131

Behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors interact with each other, and changing one changes them all. SCT has it’s roots in Albert Bandura’s research on observation, social learning, aggressibe behavior dating to the 1950s. Durint this time, the prevailing theory about behavior acquisition was rooted in behaviorism - or the view that behavior results from environmental stimuli, consequences, rewards and punishments. Bandura focused on behavior modeling and observational learning instead. SCT is based on reciprocal determinism or the dynamic interplay among personal factors, the environment, and behavior. The way in which people interpret thier environment and their personal factors affect their behavior; their behavior affects their personal factors, etc.

Question 132

Self efficacy - social cognitive theory

Answer 132

Personal belief in one’s own ability to successfully do something. The single most important determinant of behavior because people will only do what they believe they can do. Even when they have the skills and knowledge to accomplish a task, it’s still their belief in their own ability to do it that makes the difference between them trying or not.

Question 133

Expectations - SCT

Answer 133

construct in social cognitive theory: anticipated outcomes of a particular behavior. Behavior is influenced by expectations - people behave in certain ways because they antiicpate or expect a certain result.

Question 134

Expctancies - SCT

Answer 134

construct in SCT - values assigned to the outcomes of a particular behavior. Expecancies are the values we place on ourcomes. People tend to od what is likely to produce a positive or good outcome and generally avoid doing things that have negative or unrewarding outcomes. These are also called “if . . . then” statements” If a woman expects a mammogram will show she has cancer and she doesn’t want to know, then the expectancy or value she places on the outcome of the mammogram is negative or undesirable and there is a good chance she’ll avoid the behavior.

Question 135

Self regulation - SCT

Answer 135

construct in SCT - Controlling behavior based on personal standards. Bandura feels like if self-regulation didn’t exist, and people behaved soley as a result of external foces, they would be like weather vanes shifting constantly in an effort to conform to whatever social expectation they confronted.

Question 136

Observational learning (modeling)- SCT

Answer 136

construct in SCT - learning by watching others. Observational learning doesn’t always lead to healthy behaviors (parental smoking etc).

Question 137

Reinforcment - SCT

Answer 137

construct in SCT - rewards or punishments for doing something. The basis for operant conditioning and behavior modification. Reinforcment is a system of rewards (positive reinforcement) an dpunishments 9negative reinfocecments). Behavior occurs because people want the reward or want to avoid the punisment.

Question 138

Behavioral capability - SCT

Answer 138

construct in SCT - the knowledge and skills needed to engage in a particular behavior. PBefore people can perform a specific behavior, they must have knowledge of the behavior and the skills to perform it. Simply put, before doing something you have to know what it is you’re going to do and knwo how to do it. (aka read food label)

Question 139

Locus on control - SCT

Answer 139

construct in SCT - personal belief in one’s own power over life events. Most constructs in SCT eplain behavior by the influence of external or social forces, the construct of locus of control is a bit different. This construct explains behavior based on the idea that people have varying degrees of belief in their ability to control what happens to them. This belief in the extent of personal control has an impact on health decisions, and thus on health behaviors.

Question 140

Social Capital Theory -

Answer 140

behavior is influenced by who we know and how we know them

Question 141

Networks - a construct in social capital theory

Answer 141

the connections or associations we have with other people, and, through them, the connections wiht people in their networks;aka networking.

Question 142

Relationships - a construct in social capital theory

Answer 142

the strength of association with other people; the more people you know, the more relationships ou have, the moreconnected you are to a variety of others in a number of ways, the more resources you have at your disposal. There are three different types of relationships that affect s ocial capital: Bonding, Bridging, and LInking socila capital

Question 143

Social Capital Theory - origins

Answer 143

not originally called social capital, it was originally based on equal opportunity and affirmative action policies of the 1960s - this theory wanted to go against affirmative action, etc.

Question 144

Pierre Bourdieu -

Answer 144

introduced term social capital - which is made up of social obligations or relationships that can be converted into economic capital (money) in certain situations - stated another way, being a part of a group gives each individual in the group access to the resources (social capital) of all the other people in the group and in this way affects behavior.

Question 145

what is social capital?

Answer 145

the type and extent of personal and institutitonal relationships in a community consisting of all the networks, norms, and structures that support interactions between peopel with acess to them.

Question 146

Bonding Social Capital

Answer 146

those relationships between people who see themselves as being similar in terms of their shared social identity - origin, status, or position in society.

Question 147

Bridging Social Capital

Answer 147

networks of people who come together as acquaintances - they are from different social groups and differ in some sociodemographic sense, be it age, ethnicity, education, or self-esteem.

Question 148

Linking social capital

Answer 148

the weakest social capital relationships - in these, we have norms of respect and networks of trusting relationships, but they are between people who interact across power or athority gradients representing formal institutions.

Question 149

Social Ecological Model

Answer 149

factors at many levels influence health behavior

Question 150

Intrapersonal level factors - SEM

Answer 150

a level of the SEM: characteristics within a person

Question 151

Interpersonal level factors - SEM

Answer 151

a level of SEM : relationships between people

Question 152

Institutional level factors;

Answer 152

rules, regulations, and policies at the workplace - SEM level

Question 153

Community level factors - SEM

Answer 153

SEM level- social network norms and environmental conditions

Question 154

Societal level factors - SEM

Answer 154

SEM construct - cultural norms, economic, and other policies

Question 155

Social Ecological Model Origins

Answer 155

Germany, 1870s - two researchers Schwabe and Bartholamai, studied how neighborhoods affected the development of the children who live wiht them. In the mid 1970’s Urie ronfenbrenner, a developmental psychologist, putth is approach on the map. Bronfenbrenner proposed that human development occurs through a process of complex back and forth interactions between things in a person’s immediate environment and that in order for these interactions to effect development, htey must occur fairly regularly over time: proximal, or up close processes - with examples in the adult child relationship, child-chlid reltaionship, and group or solitary play. Second propostion is that the effect of these back and forth interactions vary depending on teh personal characteristics of the child, the environment in which they take plac,e and the developmental outcome being studied. SEM also views the environment as a critical component of behavior and differentiated it into a set of concentric sysstems or levels - each level of the environment is inside the other, like nesting dolls, starting with the one in which relationships are closest to the person . . .