Therapy and Treatment Flashcards
Treatments in the past
- mental ilness was believed to be caused by supernatural forces
- exorcism: incantations and prayers said over the body by priest/religious figure
- trephining: a hole made in the skull to release the spirits
- execution and imprisonment, burnt at stake
Asylums in 18th century
first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders
- to octracize them from society rather than to treat them
- kept in windowless dungeons, chained to beds, little contact to caregivers
Who was Phillippe Pinel?
- french physician
- argued for humane treatment for the mentall ill
- suggested to unchain them and talk to them
-> patients benefited and many were able to be released from hospital
Who was Dorothea Dix?
- social reformer who became an advocate for indigent insane
- investigated the state of care
- discovered an underfunded and underregulated system that perpetuated abuse of the mentally ill
- important in creating the first american mental asylum
American asylums in 19th century
- filthy
- little treatment
- individuals were often institutionalised for decades
- treatments:
– submersion into cold baths for long periods
– electroshock therapy (electroconvulsive therapy) to produce generalised seizure
20th century
- 1954
– antipsychotic medications
– successful in psychosis treatments - 1975
– mental retardation facilities and community mental health centers construction act
– federal support and funding
– start of deinstitutionalisation
What is Deinstitutionalisation?
the closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally
- patients were releases
- centers were underfunded, staff untrained
- increase in homelessness
What is involuntary treatment?
therapy that is not the individuals choice
What is voluntary treatment?
person chooses to attend therapy
What is psychoanalysis?
- developed by Freud
- aimed to uncover repressed feelings
- free association: patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
- dream analysis: interpreting underlying meanings of dreams
- transference: patient transfers all emotions associated with their other relationships to the psychoanalyst
-> today: psychodynamic psychotherapy= talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behaviour
What is Play Therapy?
psychoanalytical therapy wherein interaction with toys is used instead of talking , used in child therapy
- toys are used to play out their hopes, fantasies, traumas
- sandplay or sandtray therapy: child sets up a 3D world using figures and object that corresponds to their inner state
- nondirective play therapy: child is encouraged to work through problems by playing freely while therapist observes
- directive play therapy: therapist provides structure/guidance by suggesting topics, asking and playing with the child
Behavior therapy
principles of learning are applied to change undesirable behaviours
- classical conditioning
– counterconditioning: client learns new response to a stimulus
— aversive conditioning: uses unpleasant stimulus to stop undesirable behaviour (eg addictive behaviour)
— exposure therapy: seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus , used to treat fears or anxiety
What is systematic desensitization?
type of exposure therapy
calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli
- client is taught progressive relaxation
What is virtual reality exposure therapy?
uses simulation to help conquer fears when its too impractical, expensive or embarrassing to recreate the anxiety inducing situation
Behavior therapy and operant conditioning
- based on principle that behaviour becomes extinguished when not reinforced
- designed to reinforce
positive behaviours and punished unwanted ones - effective in children with autism
- child specific reinforcers to motivate them
- token economy: patients are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for other items/privileges
-> often in psych hospitals, prisons
