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social psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A
  • deals with all kinds of interaction between people
  • spans a wide range of how we connect
  • social psychologists believe that an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by social situations
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2
Q

What are intrapersonal topics?

A

emotions and attitudes,
the self
social cognition

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3
Q

What are interpersonal topics?

A

helping behaviour, aggression, prejudice, discrimination, attraction and close relationship, group processes and intergroup relationships

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4
Q

What is situationism?

A

the view that our behaviour and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings
- used by social psychologists

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5
Q

What is dispositonism?

A

the view that our behaviour is determined by internal factors ( eg personality traits and temperaments)

  • favored in US
  • used by personality psychologists
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6
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

the tendency to overemphasize internal factors as explanations/attributions for the behaviour of other people and underestimate the power of the situation

  • people tend to fail to recognize when a person’s behaviour is due to situational variables
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7
Q

What is the quizmaster study?

A
  • participants were randomly assigned to play the role of either the questioner or participant
  • questioners developed difficult questions to which they knew the answer
  • participants answered questions correctly 4/10 times
  • participants tended to disregard the influence of the situation and wrongly concluded that a questioner’s knowledge was greater than their own
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8
Q

is the fundamental attribution error a universal phenomenon?

A
  • research suggests that people from individualistic cultures have the greatest tendency to commit the fundamental attribution error
  • people from collectivistic cultures, such as asians, are more likely to emphasise relationships with others than to focus primarily on the individual -> focusing on others provides a broader perspective including both situation and cultural influences
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9
Q

What is actor-observer bias?

A

phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviours are due to internal factors and our own behaviours are due to situational forces

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10
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

tendency of an individual to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes but situational or external attributions for negative outcomes

  • protects self-esteem -> allows people to feel good about their accomplishments
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11
Q

What is attribution?

A

a belief about the cause of a result

3 dimensions:
1. locus of control - internal vs external
2. stability - extent to which the circumstances are changeable
3. controllability - extent to which the circumstances can be controlled

when our teams win, we make attributions such as
- talented (internal)
- works hard (stable)
- effective strategies ( controllable)

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12
Q

What is the just world hypothesis?

A

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve
- a consequence of the tendency to provide dispositional explanations for behaviour is victim blame

  • based on the belief that the world is a fair place and therefore good people experience positive outcomes and bad people experience negative ones
  • allows people to feel that the world is predictable and we have some control over life outcomes
  • people with just-world belief tend to blame the people in poverty for their circumstances, ignoring situational and cultural causes of poverty
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13
Q

What is a social role?

A

a pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

  • eg being a student
  • we each have several social roles
  • defined by culturally shared knowledge
  • behaviour related to social roles varies across situations
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14
Q

What is the social norm?

A

a group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behaviour for its members

  • how are we suppose to think?
  • What are we expected to talk about?
  • What are we expected to wear?
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15
Q

What are scripts?

A

a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting

  • how do you act when you walk into an elevator , on the first day of school, in a restaurant?
  • scripts vary between cultures
  • important sources of information to guide behavior in situations
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16
Q

What is the Stanford prison experiment? 1971

A
  • demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms and scripts

a mock prison was contructed and participants were randomly assigned to play the role of prisoners or guards
-> the guards started to harass the prisoners in increasingly sadistic manner -> prisoners began to show severe anxiety and hopelessness

  • social norms required guards to be authoritarian and prisoners to be submissive
  • scripts influenced the way guards degraded the prisoners
  • parallels abuse used by guard in abu ghraib prison
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17
Q

What is attitude?

A

our evaluation of a person, an idea or an object

  • can be positive or negative
  • influenced by external forces and internal factors that we control
  1. affective component: feelings
  2. behavioural component: the effect of the attitude on behaviour
  3. cognitive behaviour: belief and knowledge
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18
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviours or cognitions

  • believing cigarettes are bad, but smoking anyways, can cause cognitive dissonance
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19
Q

What can one do to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A
  • change their behavior
  • change their belief through rationalization or denial (eg discounting the evidence that smoking is harmful)
  • add a new cognition (eg smoking suppresses appetite, thus i ll lose weight)
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20
Q

What is the effect of initiation?

A

Justification of effort has a distinct effect on a person liking a group.
A difficult initiation into a group influences us to like the group more.

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21
Q

What is the Aronson and Mills Experiment (1959)?

A
  • college students volunteered to join a group that would regularly discuss the psychology of sex
  • 3 conditions: no initiation, easy initiation, difficult initiation
  • students in the difficult initiation condition liked the group more than the other students due to the justification of effort
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22
Q

What is persuasion?

A

process of changing our attitudes toward sth based on some kind of communication

  • We encounter attempts at persuasion attemps everywhere. Persuasion is not limited to formal advertising, we are confronted with it everyday
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23
Q

What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model? Petty and Cacioppo

A

Persuasion can take two paths, and the durability of the end result depends on the path

-> Central Route:
- logic driven
- uses data and facts
- direct route to persuasion focusing on the quality of information
- works best when audience is analytical and willing to engage in processing of the info

-> peripheral route:
- indirect route
- uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message
- uses characteristics such as positive emotions
- results in less permanent attitude change

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24
Q

What is the Foot-in-the-door technique?

A

persuader gets a person to agree to a small favor, only to later request a larger favor

  • past behavior often directs our future behaviour
25
Q

What is Conformity?

A

the change in a person’s behaviour to go along with the group, even if he does not agree with the group

26
Q

What is the Asch’s Experiment?

A
  • Asch effect = influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgement

in a group, there was one person who intentionally gave the wrong answer -> 76% of participants conformed to the group pressure by also gave the wrong answer

27
Q

What factors make a person more likely to conform?

A
  • The size of the majority : the greater the majority, the more likely an individual will conform
  • The presence of another dissenter : causes conformity rates to drop to near zero
  • The public or private nature of the responses: public responses cause more conformity than private
28
Q

What is the normative social influence?

A

people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group

29
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation in ambiguous

30
Q

What is obedience?

A

the change of an individual’s behaviour to comply with a demand by an authority figure

31
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behaviour alone

  • usually occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled or an easy task
  • however when people are nervous or less skilled, an audience may hinder rather than help
32
Q

What is social loafing?

A

the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group

  • occurs when individuals performance cant be evaluated separately from the group
  • group performance declines on easy tasks
  • with difficult tasks, people feel more motivated and believe that their group needs their input to do well
33
Q

What is prejudice?

A

a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group

34
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group

35
Q

What is discrimination?

A

a negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group

36
Q

What is racism?

A

prejudice and discrimination against an individual based on race

Dual attitudes model:
- explicit : conscious and controllable
- implicit: unconscious and controllable

37
Q

What is ageism?

A

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
- typically agains older adults

38
Q

What is homophobia?

A

prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
- often result in discrimination of individuals from social groups
- widespread in US

39
Q

What is sexism?

A

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex

  • eg gender role expectation
  • can exist on a societal level - employment and educational opportunities
40
Q

What is self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behaviour in a way that tends to make it true

  • stereotype-> expectation about stereotype -> treat person according to our expectations -> influences person to act according to stereotypic expectations -> confirms our stereotypic beliefs
41
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

tendency to seek out info that supports our stereotypes and ignore info that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

42
Q

What are in-groups and out-groups?

A
  • in-group: a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
  • out-group: a group that we view as fundamentally different from us

-> we want to feel good and protect our in-group

43
Q

What are the forces that promote reconciliation between groups?

A
  • the expression of empathy
  • acknowledgment of past suffering on both sides
  • the halt of destructive behaviours
44
Q

What is scapegoating?

A

the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

45
Q

What is aggression?

A

seeking to cause harm or pain to another person

46
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
- eg bar fight

47
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain
- typically displayed by women
- eg communication that impairs social standing of another person

48
Q

What is Frustration Aggression Theory?

A

when humans are prevented from achieving an important goal, they become frustrated and aggressive

49
Q

What is the evolutionary theory?

A

aggression serves an evolutionary function

  • men are more likely to show aggression, likely to display dominance over the other males
  • to protect a mate
  • to perpetuate the male’s genes
50
Q

What is bullying?

A

repeated negative treatment of another person over time

  • the attempt to inflict harm, injury of humiliation
  • can include physical or verbal attacks
  • can be psychological
51
Q

What are the gender differences of bullying?

A
  • boys tend to engage direct, physical aggression
  • girls tend to engage in indirect, social forms of aggression (eg spreading rumors)
52
Q

What are the bullying effects on the victim?

A
  • decreased mental health including anxiety and depression
  • may underperform in school work
53
Q

What is cyberbullying?

A

repeated behaviour that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to others
- more common in girls

54
Q

Kitty Genovese 1964

A
  • attacked and killed with a knife outside her apartment building
  • residents in the apart building heard her scream for help but did nothing
55
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

phenomenon in which a witness/bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

  • based on social situation, not personality variables
  • diffusion of responsibility: tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
56
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

voluntary behaviour with the intent to help other people

57
Q

What is altruism?

A

people’s desire to help others even if the cost outweigh the benefits of helping

58
Q

What is empathy?

A

= the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what they feel

  • empathetic people make emotional connections with others and feel compelled to help
  • feeling good after helping is a consequence, not a cause
  • helping is self-serving because our egos are involved, and we receive benefits
59
Q

What is the matching hypothesis?

A

people tend to pick someone they view as their equal in physical attractiveness and social desirability

Psychology (4 decks)

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