Therapeutics Exam 4 (Scott - Geriatric and Men's Health) Flashcards
Testosterone will decrease with _______
age
Testosterone peaks around what age?
Early 20s
6 Roles of Testosterone Surge/Puberty?
bone/muscle growth facial/body hair growth penis growth testicular growth spermatogenesis increase libido
what is hypogonadism
incomplete/delayed sexual maturity
what are some men’s health issues during puberty/young adulthood
delayed sexual maturity (hypogonadism)
testicular cancer
alopecia
Types of testicular cancer?
Seminoma and Non-Seminoma
Testicular cancer:
Good or bad prognosis?
good! even if at very far stages
stages for testicular cancer vs stages for prostate
testicular: only stages I, II, and III
prostate: stages 1 - 4
Treatment for testicular cancer?
Orchiectomy
Radiation
Chemo (Cisplatin, Etoposide, bleomycin)
T or F:
Alopecia definition: Hair loss starting at the back or front of the head only
false!! hair loss at ANY part of the body and for any reason!!
Types of alopecia?
androgenic alopecia alopecia areata alopecia universalis traction alopecia drug-induced alopecia
how/why does androgenic alopecia happen
DHT causes hari follicles to shrink and thin = balding
what is alopecia areata
autoimmune
small round patches
what is alopecia universalis
complete hair loss on scalp/body
what is traction alopecia
hair loss because of constant tension on hair by braids or buns
what drugs can cause alopecia
anabolic steroids
cancer chemotherapy
treatment options for alopecia
finasteride
minoxidil
(wigs and hair transplant)
Finasteride for Alopecia:
Works by inhibiting _________ and inhibiting the conversion of ______
inhibits Type II 5 alpha reductase
inhibits conversion of testosterone to DHT
Finasteride for Alopecia:
handling note about this drug?
women of child bearing age should avoid this because if too much exposure can affect a baby
Finasteride for Alopecia:
typical side effects?
decreased libido
erectile dysfunction
decrease volume of ejaculate
Minoxidil for Alopecia:
MOA?
can be used for what other disease?
MOA: enlarges miniature hair folicles
can be used in HTN
Directions for using minoxidil
apply to scalp twice daily every day
apply to dry scalp and hair
how long to you see results with minoxidil
4 months
Risk factors for hypogonadism/hormonal deficiency
aging
chronic illnesses (diabetes, AIDS, RA, CKD)
long term use of corticosteroids
obesity
how to be diagnosed with hypogonadism
low testosterone levels WITH symptoms!! (must have both for diagnosis!!)
For Diagnosing hypogonadism:
INITIAL blood test should be done what time of day and should measure what?
test in AM
check TOTAL testosterone
For Diagnosing hypogonadism:
A total testosterone level of _______ is positive for low testosterone
< 300 ng/dL
For Diagnosing hypogonadism:
after initial test you need a test to CONFIRM the diagnosis:
can check via ______ or ____ testosterone tests
total or free
For Diagnosing hypogonadism:
Testosterone binds to ______ therefore a ______ test should be done if you think the patient has suspected altered ____ concentrations
binds to SHBG; FREE testosterone test;
if altered SHBG
For Diagnosing hypogonadism:
a free testosterone level of ______ confirms low testosterone
< 5 ng/dL
what does SHBG stand for
sex hormone binding globulin
Testosterone Replacement Products:
IM Injection – inject how often?
possible side effect?
weekly or every other week
mood swings
Testosterone Replacement Products:
which one is most similar to physiologic testosterone levels?
the patch
Testosterone Replacement Products:
which ones are important to wash hands after use?
gel and solution…..
Contraindications to testosterone products?
prostate cancer breast cancer hematocrit > 50% Baseline PSA greater than 4 ng/mL Recent or poorly controlled CVD
Black box warnings for Testosterone products:
Testosterone gel?
concerns with secondary exposure to children!!
put gel in area that people wont touch and wash hands after use!!!
Black box warnings for Testosterone products:
there is some cardiac risk with them – which one is worse than others?
injection is worst!
Testosterone Replacement Products:
For solution - put deodorant how in relation to it?
apply deodorant first!!
why are hematocrit levels/monitoring important with testosterone products
testosterone will increase RBCs
Goal testosterone levels with testosterone therapy?
400 - 700 ng/dL
For testosterone therapy monitoring:
if hematocrit is > ____% then therapy should be stopped – reinitiate when it drops to a safe level
54
ADEs of supraphysiologic doses of testrogens?
gynecomastia decreased testicular size weight gain acne mood alteration hepatoxicity
what race is at higher risk of prostate cancer
african american
Prostate Cancer Facts:
Most common cell type: _________
adenocarcinoma
Prostate Cancer Facts:
Use ______ to rate tumor grade
gleason score
the prostate surrounds the _______
proximal uretha
prostate cancer growth is common after age ______
40
The prostate has hella _________ receptors
alpha adrenergic
_________ converts testosterone to DHT
type II 5 alpha reductase
_____________ is responsible for prostate enlargement and growth
Type II 5 alpha reductase
BPH Pathophys:
Stimulation by ____ results in smooth muscle _____ with subsequent _____ of the urethra
by NE (norepinephrine)
muscle contractions
subsequent narrowing
BPH: Obstructive Symptoms?
aka symptoms that come from when there is so much pressure on the urethra it is blocked
- Decrease forced of stream
- Hesitancy to initiate voiding
- strain or push to urinate
- terminal dribbling
- intermittency (start and stop and start)