Therapeutics Exam 1 (Wendt and Dykhous) Flashcards
6 essential characteristics of cancer? sustaining \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ evading \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ activating \_\_\_\_\_\_ enabling \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ inducing \_\_\_\_\_\_ resisting \_\_\_\_\_\_
sustain: proliferative signaling
evade: growth suppressors
activate: invasion and metastasis
enable: replicative immortality
induce: angiogenesis
resist: cell death
2 newer/emerging hallmarks of cancer
deregulating _______
avoiding ______
deregulate: cellulare energetics
avoid: immune destruction
Terminology:
Cancer?
any malignant neoplasm
Terminology:
Tumor
nonspecific term meaning lump or swelling
Terminology:
Neoplasm
any new growth - benign or malignant
Terminology:
Neoplasia
process of expansion due to defects in the molecular controls that regulate cellular proliferation/cell death
Terminology - the “plasias”:
Hyperplasia
increase in NUMBER of cells
Terminology - the “plasias”:
Metaplasia
SUBSTITUTION of one type of adult tissue to another adult tissue
Terminology - the “plasias”:
Dysplasia
LOSS OF NORMAL architecture/ abnormal cellular proliferation
Terminology - the “plasias”:
Anaplasia
loss of STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
Terminology - the “plasias”:
Desmoplasia
formation and proliferation of CONNECTIVE TISSUES and cells
Terminology - the “omas”:
Carcinoma
malignant neoplasm of EPITHELIAL cell origin
Terminology - the “omas”:
Adenoma
epithelial neoplasm derived from glandular tissue
Terminology - the “omas”:
Papilloma
surface epithelium in which neoplastic cells grow outward in finger like fibrovascular stalks
Terminology - the “omas”:
Teratoma
germ cell neoplasm –> several different differentiated cell and tissue types
Terminology - the “omas”:
Sarcoma
malignant neoplasm from mesenchymal tissues (aka soft tissues Ex: muscle)
Terminology - the “omas”:
Lymphoma or Leukemia
malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic tissues
Terminology - the “omas”:
Blastoma
more common in children —
caused by malignancies in precursor cells
Terminology - the “omas”:
Melanoma
cancer of pigment producing cells
_____ is the most lethal aspect of cancer
Metastasis
Metastatis is a multi step process:
Normal epithelium –> _____ –> _________ –> ______ –> intravasation/extravasation –> metastatis
dysplasia; carcinoma in situ; invasive carcinoma
Metastatis is highly _____ process
inefficient
unlike carcinomas, sarcomas arise from ______
soft tissues
leukemia is the cancer of _____ cells
white blood
lymphomas arise from cells that populate from _____
lymph nodes
what is a reed-sternberg cell?
a binucleated cell - a part of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Staging of Carcinomas
stage 0
in situ carcinoma; no sign of local invasion
Staging of Carcinomas
stage I
microscopic invasion of surrounding tissue
Staging of Carcinomas
stage II
4 - 9 surrounding lymph nodes are involved
Staging of Carcinomas
stage III
10 + surround lymph nodes are involved
Staging of Carcinomas
stage IV
distant metastases are detected
what stage # for carcinoma?
in situ carcinoma - no sign of local invasion
0
what stage # for carcinoma?
microscopic invasion of surrounding tissue
1
what stage # for carcinoma?
4 - 9 surrounding lymph nodes are involved
2
what stage # for carcinoma?
10+ lymph nodes are involved
3
what stage # for carcinoma?
distant metastases are detected
4
what is another specific staging system for tumors?
TNM staging (primary tumor (T); regional lymph nodes (N), distant Metastasis (M) X: cant be evaluated 0: no evidence 1+: present
summary staging for cancer:
in situ?
abnormal cells are present only in the layer of cells in which they develop
summary staging for cancer:
localized?
cancer is ONLY in the organ where it BEGAN
summary staging for cancer:
regional?
spread beyond primary site to NEARBY lymph nodes or tissues and organs
summary staging for cancer:
distant?
aka has metastasized - gone to distant tissues or organs…..
what is tumor grading?
way to grade the tumor based on how abnormal the tumor cells and tissues look under a microscope
is G1 or G4 more concerning for a tumor?
G4 is more concerning
G4 is undifferentiated = high grade
well differentiated or undifferentiated tumor is worse?
undifferentiated
___ differentiated cells in tumors will look like normal cells and tissues
well - differentiated
_________ receptors can dimerize to each other and drive cell growth
EGF receptor family (HER 2,3,4)
what does RSV stand for?
rous sarcoma virus
why is RSV relevant to tumors?
RSV is a retrovirus and encodes a protein (v-SRC) that is capable of driving proliferation and tumor progression
aka it is like an oncogene
At least 6 viruses are thought to contribute to cancer —-
_____ and _____ viruses
DNA and RNA
proto-oncogenes act as ______ alleles
dominant
____ of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes can lead to cancer
loss
tumor suppressor genes are ______ alleles
recessive
_____ mutations in tumor suppressor genes are more often transmitted as ______ mutations and therefore assoc. w/ heritable forms of cancer
heterozygous;
germ line
HER2 - is an proto oncogene or tumor suppressor?
oncogene —
slide also shows that test a cell with dysplasia with Antibodies - lots of dark spots because antibody binds to lots of HER2 receptors
slide in ppt about DIAGNOSTIC molec. pathology: lung biospies can be tested via PCR for a particular mutation in _____ - if so pts can go on specific anti____ therapies
EGFR; EGFR
PROGNOSTIC Molec pathology example?
oncotypeDX
like 21 genes that will show if a patient is at high or low risk for metastasis in the next five years — if high chance will probably do chemo
OncotypeDx and Mammaprint:
can prevent ______ because predict recurrence
overtreatment
OncotypeDx and Mammaprint:
T or F:
Drive indications for specific therapies
falseeeee
just predicting recurrence
Main cancers that hormones regulate proliferation of
Breast
Endometrial
Prostate
Hormonal Therapies for Cancer:
primarily _____ and ______ is targeted (for breast/endometrial and prostate cancer, respectively)
estradiol
dihydrotestosterone
Androgens and estrogens have ____ effects
opposing
Steroid receptors:
they are ______ hormone dependent ______ factors
cytosolic; transcription
what is the base material for making estradiol and testosterone?
cholesterol
Steroid receptors barely bind to the _____
surface
Steroids diffuse easily or poorly
easily
what are the 2 main classes of anti estrogen therapy
aromatase inhibitors
SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators)
aromatase inhibitors will stop estrogen ______
and
SERMs stop estrogen ______
production
function
Steroid Feedback Loop:
Hypothalamus release ____ to work on _____
GnRH
work on pituitary
Steroid Feedback Loop:
Pituitary makes _____ and _____ to work on the _____
FSH and LH;
works on ovaries and testis.
Steroid Feedback Loop:
Estrogen and Progesterone act as a ______ feedback loop on the _____
negative; pituitary
when LH (decrease or increases) estrogen will decrease
increase
_____ is a potent stimulant of breast cancer cell proliferation
estradiol
what are some protective factors against breast cancner
early age of 1st full term pregnancy
lactation
physical activity during reproductive years
Breast Cancer:
Well differentiated tumors - more likely to be ER___
and poorly differentiated tumors are likely to be ER___
+
-
Poorly differentiated tumors - have ____ growth fractions and are generally more _____ to cytotoxic agents
higher growth
more sensitive
_____ correlation b/w presence of estrogen receptor and the likelihood of response to hormone therapy
highly significant
____ in breast cancer risk 5 years after lactation
increased risk
the risk for breast cancer _____ with increasing age
increases
ER+ tumors should be treated with ____ therapy and why
hella estrogen receptors (aka ER+) tumors should get ENDOCRINE therapy - because there is actually receptors are endocrine stuff to affect….
what are the 4 different types of breast cancer
ductal carcinoma in situ (preinvasive)
invasive ductal carcinoma (invasive)
lobular carcinoma in situ (preinvasive)
invasive lobular carcinoma (invasive)
what drugs are SERMs
Tamoxifen
Raloxifene
Toremifene
clomiphene
fulvestrant (SERD)
which SERM is also used for osteoporosis
raloxifene
how can a SERM be helpful for osteoporosis
it is an ER AGONIST in the bone — estrogen agonist will promote bone growth
tamoxifen wasnt used for awhile because what else was needed?
needed to know if someone is ER+ or ER-
if ER+ – tamoxifen would be effective
Tamoxifen is a _______ that that is metabolized by _____
prodrug; CYP2D6
what is the active form of tamoxifen?
4-OH-Tam
T or F: Tamoxifen has antagonist activity only
False;
agonist and antagonist – it is a SERM (they do both…selective….)
tamoxifen:
binds to ____ receptor and inhibits both _____ and _______
estrogen receptor;
translocation; DNA binding
Tamoxifen:
blocks _______ dependent breast cancer ________
estrogen ; proliferation
Tamoxifen: Estrogen AGONIST effects
increase incidence of _______ cancer
will preserve _________ in postmenopausal women
can cause ________
incidence of endometrial
preserve bone density
blood cots
Tamoxifen: Side effect of hot flashes happens because of..?
estrogen ANTAGonist activity
Tamoxifen:
used in pre or post menopausal women?
both!!!
______ was the first drug approved for breast cancer prevention
tamoxifen
tamoxifen: dosage route?
oral
tamoxifen:
primary use is treatment of ________?
resected ER+/PR+ breast cancer
take tamoxifen for about ______ when treating resected ER+/PR+ breast cancer
3 -5 years
Tamoxifen: antagonist or agonist at these specific parts and its impact?
Brain
antagonist –> hot flashes and thermoregulation
Tamoxifen: antagonist or agonist at these specific parts and its impact?
breast
antagonist — why we use it for ER+ breast cancer
antiproliferative
Tamoxifen: antagonist or agonist at these specific parts and its impact?
blood
agonist – leads to increased coagulability and clots VTE risk
Tamoxifen: antagonist or agonist at these specific parts and its impact?
Uterus
agonist —- endometrial hyperplasia — endometrial cancer increased risk
Tamoxifen: antagonist or agonist at these specific parts and its impact?
bone
partial agonist — blocks bone resorption — yay healthy bones
Raloxifene: antagonist or agonist at these specific parts and its impact?
brain
antagonist —> hot flashes and thermoregulation
Raloxifene: antagonist or agonist at these specific parts and its impact?
breast
antagonist – duh bc treating breast cancer
*not as strong of an antagonist to as tamoxifen in the breast though
Raloxifene: antagonist or agonist at these specific parts and its impact?
blood
agonist —
increased coag/VTE risk
Raloxifene: antagonist or agonist at these specific parts and its impact?
uterus
antagonist !!! aka NO endometrial hyperplasia risk!
difference from tamoxifen
4 strong 2D6 inhibitors? (aka drugs to avoid with contaminant tamoxifen because they will make tamoxifen less effective/not to its active metab…)
fluoxetine
paroxetine
quinidine
bupropion
what drug is a SERD?
fulvestrant
why is a SERD different than a SERM? (structure and MOA)
structure: similar to estradiol but has a long carbon chain: this will lead to a proteosome to break down the estrogen receptor
it is a PURE estrogen antagonist
Fulvetrant: T or F: has agonist and antagonist effects
falseeee
only an antagonist —
Fulvestrant:
binds to ER and inhibits ______ binding — which leads to rapid _____
DNA binding;
receptor degradation
fulvestrant will cause a dramatic loss of cellular ____ levels and reduce ____ expression
cellular ER levels
reduce PR expression
fulvestrant: dosage form route?
IM injection once per month
fulvestrant is approved for who and what condition?
ER+ metastatic breast cancer in POSTMENOPAUSAL women who have progressed on other antiestrogen therpay
aromatase enzyme is important in steroid generation why?
aromatase makes enone A ring of androgen into a aromatic a ring in estrogens
Aromatase inhibitors block synthesis of _______ but not ______ and ______
block: estrogens
not: androgens and progesterone
________ (type of cell) is the principal source of estrogen in postmenopausal women
adipocytes
primary target of aromatase inhibitors is ______ tissue not the ______
peripheral/adipose
not ovary
primary application is estradiol suppression in what group of patients?
POSTmenopausaul women
Aromatase Slide:
Androstenedione is made in the _____ gland and released to circulation:
aromatase takes andorostenedione to _____
adrenal gland
estrone
(estrone will then go to estradiol)
2 main subclasses of aromatase inhibitors?
steroidal and on-steroidal
what drugs are NON-steroidal aromatase inhibitors
anastrozole
letrozole
Anastrozole and letrozole are potent and selective ______ inhibitors for _____ activity
competitive;
aromatase
primary indication for Anastrozole and letrozole ?
tx of breast cancer in POSTmenopausal women
dosage route of anastrozole and letrozole?
orally - everyday
ADEs of letrozole and anastrozole?
hot flashes
bone/join/muscle pain
asthenia (weakness)
increased fracture risk (will increase the extent of bone density loss – because decreasing estrogen…)
Potential fetal damage - avoid in pregnant women!!
what drug is a steroidal aromatase inhbitiors?
exemestane
exemestane has similar structure to _________
androstenedione
Exemestane MOA: is a fake substrate to ______ and gets converted to a reactive intermediate: then this intermediate binds _____ at the ____ site which inactivates the enzyme
aromatase; irreversibly; active
exemestane: dosage route?
orally - daily
primary indication for exemestane?
tx of estrogen responsive breast cancer in POSTmenopausal women – who have progressed on antiestrogen therapy
ADEs of exemestane?
hot flashes
occasional peripheral edema and weight gain
increased cholesterol levels (remember estrogen can help keep ladies’ cholesterol in check
brand of exemestane?
aromasin
Treating with progesterone will inhibit ____ and ____
LH; FSH
Decreased FSH leads to _____ aromatase and _____ estrogen
decreased; decreased
A progesterone _____ will suppress estrogen receptor expression
agonist
progesterone derivs (like medrooxyprogesterone) primary indication?
prevention of endometrial cancer in postmenopausaul women
other effects/uses for medrooxyprogesterone
appetite stimulation/wt gain – good for anorexia/cachexia in cancer/AIDS
antiemetic properties: reduced N/V in cancer patietns