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Basics of ophthalmic pharmacology > Therapeutic medications > Flashcards

Therapeutic medications Flashcards

1
Q

The class of medications including miotics, glaucoma treatments, antimicrobials, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatories are known as

A

Therapeutic medications

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2
Q

_______ cause the iris sphincter muscle to contract, producing miosis (pupillary constriction), which leads to a reduction in light entering the eye.

A

Miotics

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3
Q

What are some therapeutic uses of miotic drops?

A
  1. Increase the patient’s depth of field-helping with refractive errors
  2. break attacks of angle-closure glaucoma
  3. some accommodative strabismus problems in children
  4. as a preoperative drop prior to laser iridotomy or penetrating keratoplasty
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4
Q

What are some side effects of miotic drops?

A

brow ache, myopia, tearing

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5
Q

Examples of miotics include:

A

Pilocarpine 0.5-6% and Carbachol 1.5/3%

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6
Q

The major glaucoma medications are subdivided into __ categories based on their chemistry or the body system they affect.

A

8

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7
Q

These types of drops work by decreasing aqueous production in the eye and are often Rx’d as an adjunct to or in combination with Prostaglandins

A

Beta-Adrenergic blockers

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8
Q

What are some common beta-adrenergic blocking drops?

A

Timolol (Timoptic, Betimol), Betaxolol, Levobunolol

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9
Q

This type of drop works by increasing aqueous outflow

A

Adrenergic stimulating agent

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10
Q

What is the one adrenergic stimulating agent Rx’d?

A

Dipivefrin (Propine)

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11
Q

These agents decrease the formation and secretion of aqueous humor, thereby lowering IOP.

A

Oral and topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

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12
Q

What are some examples of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Brinzolamide (Azopt) and Dorzolamide (Trusopt)

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13
Q

What are some examples of oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Acetazolamide (Diamox) and methazolamide (Neptazane)

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14
Q

These drugs work by decreasing the rate of aqueous humor production and can be used alone or in combination with other anti-glaucoma drops

A

Alpha(2) selective agonists

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15
Q

What are some examples of Alpha(2) selective agonists?

A

Apraclonidine (Iopidine) 1.0/0.5% and Brimonidine (Alphagan/Alphagan P) 0.2/0.15/0.1%

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16
Q

These drops are most effective with a single evening dose at reducing IOP

A

Prostaglandins

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17
Q

What are some examples of prostaglandins?

A

Bimatoprost (Lumigan), Latanoprost (Xalatan), Travoprost (Travatan)

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18
Q

These agents decrease IOP by drawing fluid out of the aqueous and vitreous humors via osmosis

A

Hyperosmotics

19
Q

What are some examples of hyperosmotics?

A

Osmoglyn (oral formulation of glycerin) and Osmitrol (an injectable form of mannitol)

20
Q

These agents are most commonly used in cases of acute high IOP and during intraocular surgery

A

Hyperosmotics

21
Q

Study results show that ___ of people with glaucoma require more than one type of medication to control IOP

22
Q

These agents are “combination” drops that include two anti-aglaucoma medicines in a single drop

A

Combination agents

23
Q

What are some examples of combination agents?

A

Dorzolamide/Timolol (Cosopt), Brimonidine/Timolol (Combigan), and Travoprost/Timolol (DuoTrav)

24
Q

_______ comprise a large variety of agents, including antibiotics for bacterial infections, antivirals for viral infections, and antifungals for fungal infections.

A

Antimicrobials

25
What are the most common antibiotics an ophthalmic medical assistant would encounter on a daily basis?
Bacitracin ointment, Tobramycin (drops and ointment), Erythromycin ointment, Azithromycin, Gentamicin (drops and ointment), Sulfonamide (drops and ointment)
26
What are some antibiotics in the fluoroquinolone group?
Ciprofloxacin (drops and ointment), Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Besifloxacin
27
What are some common antibiotic/corticosteroid compounds?
Neomycin-Polymyxin B-bacitracin (ointment), Neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin (ointment), Trimethoprim-Polymyxin B, Tobramycin-dexamethasone
28
_______ inhibit the ability of a virus to reproduce. Used to treat more serious virus-caused ophthalmic conditions such as herpes simplex/herpes zoster
Antivirals
29
What are some examples of antiviral agents?
Ganciclovir (IVT), Acyclovir (oral and IV), Valacyclovir hydrochloride (oral)
30
________ kill fungi and are used to treat a variety of external ocular fungal infection such as fungal blepharitis, keratitis, and conjunctivitis
Antifungals
31
What are some examples of antifungals?
Natamycin (topical), Amphotericin B (topical, subcutaneous, IV, IVT), Fluconazole (oral and IV)
32
________ are the chief drugs used to treat allergic reactions and inflammations
Corticosteroids
33
Steroids can be injected _____, ______, and ______ to treat severe inflammation
behind, around, or into the eye
34
What are some of the side effects of long-term use of steroids?
glaucoma, overgrowth of fungi, cataract, increases in BGL/BP (when taken orally)
35
Commonly used topical steroids in ophthalmology are:
Dexamethasone phosphate (Maxidex), Prednisolone acetate (Pred Forte, Omnipred), Fluorometholone (FML), Difluprednate (Durezol)
36
Commonly used systemic corticosteroids in ophthalmology are:
Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone
37
Because of significant side effects of corticosteroids, ____ have been introduced
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
38
What are some commonly used NSAIDs in ophthalmology?
Flurbiprofen, Diclofenac, Ketorolac tromethamine, Bromfenac, Nepafanac
39
____ _______ work by constricting the superficial blood vessels in the conjunctiva. (Visine, Clear eyes)
Ocular decongestants
40
__________________ are effective in reducing the itching, tearing, conj. injection, mucous secretion, etc. of seasonal or vernal allergic conjunctivitis
Agents for relief of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis
41
Available medications for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis include antihistamines (AH), mast cell inhibitors (MCI), or combinations. What are some examples?
Azelastine, Olopatadine (Pataday), Ketotifen (Zaditor, Alaway), Bepotastine Besilate (Bepreve)
42
_____ help the patient to maintain an appropriate tear film balance or to keep the external eye moist
Lubricants
43
In this class of medications, Cyclosporine (Restasis) is a topical emulsion available for treatment of tear deficiency associated with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions in the eyelids
Immunomodulators

Basics of ophthalmic pharmacology (4 decks)

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