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Basics of ophthalmic pharmacology > Therapeutic medications > Flashcards

Therapeutic medications Flashcards

1
Q

The class of medications including miotics, glaucoma treatments, antimicrobials, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatories are known as

A

Therapeutic medications

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2
Q

_______ cause the iris sphincter muscle to contract, producing miosis (pupillary constriction), which leads to a reduction in light entering the eye.

A

Miotics

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3
Q

What are some therapeutic uses of miotic drops?

A
  1. Increase the patient’s depth of field-helping with refractive errors
  2. break attacks of angle-closure glaucoma
  3. some accommodative strabismus problems in children
  4. as a preoperative drop prior to laser iridotomy or penetrating keratoplasty
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4
Q

What are some side effects of miotic drops?

A

brow ache, myopia, tearing

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5
Q

Examples of miotics include:

A

Pilocarpine 0.5-6% and Carbachol 1.5/3%

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6
Q

The major glaucoma medications are subdivided into __ categories based on their chemistry or the body system they affect.

A

8

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7
Q

These types of drops work by decreasing aqueous production in the eye and are often Rx’d as an adjunct to or in combination with Prostaglandins

A

Beta-Adrenergic blockers

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8
Q

What are some common beta-adrenergic blocking drops?

A

Timolol (Timoptic, Betimol), Betaxolol, Levobunolol

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9
Q

This type of drop works by increasing aqueous outflow

A

Adrenergic stimulating agent

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10
Q

What is the one adrenergic stimulating agent Rx’d?

A

Dipivefrin (Propine)

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11
Q

These agents decrease the formation and secretion of aqueous humor, thereby lowering IOP.

A

Oral and topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

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12
Q

What are some examples of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Brinzolamide (Azopt) and Dorzolamide (Trusopt)

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13
Q

What are some examples of oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Acetazolamide (Diamox) and methazolamide (Neptazane)

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14
Q

These drugs work by decreasing the rate of aqueous humor production and can be used alone or in combination with other anti-glaucoma drops

A

Alpha(2) selective agonists

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15
Q

What are some examples of Alpha(2) selective agonists?

A

Apraclonidine (Iopidine) 1.0/0.5% and Brimonidine (Alphagan/Alphagan P) 0.2/0.15/0.1%

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16
Q

These drops are most effective with a single evening dose at reducing IOP

A

Prostaglandins

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17
Q

What are some examples of prostaglandins?

A

Bimatoprost (Lumigan), Latanoprost (Xalatan), Travoprost (Travatan)

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18
Q

These agents decrease IOP by drawing fluid out of the aqueous and vitreous humors via osmosis

A

Hyperosmotics

19
Q

What are some examples of hyperosmotics?

A

Osmoglyn (oral formulation of glycerin) and Osmitrol (an injectable form of mannitol)

20
Q

These agents are most commonly used in cases of acute high IOP and during intraocular surgery

A

Hyperosmotics

21
Q

Study results show that ___ of people with glaucoma require more than one type of medication to control IOP

A

Half

22
Q

These agents are “combination” drops that include two anti-aglaucoma medicines in a single drop

A

Combination agents

23
Q

What are some examples of combination agents?

A

Dorzolamide/Timolol (Cosopt), Brimonidine/Timolol (Combigan), and Travoprost/Timolol (DuoTrav)

24
Q

_______ comprise a large variety of agents, including antibiotics for bacterial infections, antivirals for viral infections, and antifungals for fungal infections.

A

Antimicrobials

25
Q

What are the most common antibiotics an ophthalmic medical assistant would encounter on a daily basis?

A

Bacitracin ointment, Tobramycin (drops and ointment), Erythromycin ointment, Azithromycin, Gentamicin (drops and ointment), Sulfonamide (drops and ointment)

26
Q

What are some antibiotics in the fluoroquinolone group?

A

Ciprofloxacin (drops and ointment), Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Besifloxacin

27
Q

What are some common antibiotic/corticosteroid compounds?

A

Neomycin-Polymyxin B-bacitracin (ointment), Neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin (ointment), Trimethoprim-Polymyxin B, Tobramycin-dexamethasone

28
Q

_______ inhibit the ability of a virus to reproduce. Used to treat more serious virus-caused ophthalmic conditions such as herpes simplex/herpes zoster

A

Antivirals

29
Q

What are some examples of antiviral agents?

A

Ganciclovir (IVT), Acyclovir (oral and IV), Valacyclovir hydrochloride (oral)

30
Q

________ kill fungi and are used to treat a variety of external ocular fungal infection such as fungal blepharitis, keratitis, and conjunctivitis

A

Antifungals

31
Q

What are some examples of antifungals?

A

Natamycin (topical), Amphotericin B (topical, subcutaneous, IV, IVT), Fluconazole (oral and IV)

32
Q

________ are the chief drugs used to treat allergic reactions and inflammations

A

Corticosteroids

33
Q

Steroids can be injected _____, ______, and ______ to treat severe inflammation

A

behind, around, or into the eye

34
Q

What are some of the side effects of long-term use of steroids?

A

glaucoma, overgrowth of fungi, cataract, increases in BGL/BP (when taken orally)

35
Q

Commonly used topical steroids in ophthalmology are:

A

Dexamethasone phosphate (Maxidex), Prednisolone acetate (Pred Forte, Omnipred), Fluorometholone (FML), Difluprednate (Durezol)

36
Q

Commonly used systemic corticosteroids in ophthalmology are:

A

Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone

37
Q

Because of significant side effects of corticosteroids, ____ have been introduced

A

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

38
Q

What are some commonly used NSAIDs in ophthalmology?

A

Flurbiprofen, Diclofenac, Ketorolac tromethamine, Bromfenac, Nepafanac

39
Q

____ _______ work by constricting the superficial blood vessels in the conjunctiva. (Visine, Clear eyes)

A

Ocular decongestants

40
Q

__________________ are effective in reducing the itching, tearing, conj. injection, mucous secretion, etc. of seasonal or vernal allergic conjunctivitis

A

Agents for relief of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

41
Q

Available medications for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis include antihistamines (AH), mast cell inhibitors (MCI), or combinations. What are some examples?

A

Azelastine, Olopatadine (Pataday), Ketotifen (Zaditor, Alaway), Bepotastine Besilate (Bepreve)

42
Q

_____ help the patient to maintain an appropriate tear film balance or to keep the external eye moist

A

Lubricants

43
Q

In this class of medications, Cyclosporine (Restasis) is a topical emulsion available for treatment of tear deficiency associated with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions in the eyelids

A

Immunomodulators

Basics of ophthalmic pharmacology (4 decks)

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