therapeutic drug monitoring?

Question 1

clinical endpoints?

Answer 1

Clinical •Hard end-points (death or defined disease state) •Relevant but harsh on patient! •Surrogate end-points (biomarker for disease) •Sensitivity & Specificity of the biomarker for the end-point •There may not be a useful biomarker (FEV & amiodarone)

Question 2

pharmacodynamics?

Answer 2

Dose – Response can be measured in vivo •Glucose for OHA •Blood pressure for antihypertensives •INR for warfarin •Dose – Response can be measured ex-vivo •Drug acts through covalent binding •Drug acts through cytoxicity