principle of oncology

Question 1

staging classification TNM

Answer 1

All cases should be confirmed microscopically.
Two classifications are described for each site:
a. Clinical classification designated TNM. This is based on evidence acquired before treatment. Such evidence arises from physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, biopsy, surgical exploration and other relevant examinations.
b. Pathological classification (Postsurgical histopathological classification), designated pTNM.

Stage Grouping
After assigning T, N and M and/or pT, pN and pM categories, these may be grouped into stages. The TNM classification and stage grouping, once established, must remain unchanged in the medical records. The clinical stage is essential to select and evaluate therapy, while the pathological stage provides the most precise data to estimate prognosis and calculate end results.

Question 2

TNM classificaion

Answer 2

pT - Primary Tumour
pTX. Primary tumour cannot be assessed histologically pT0. No histological evidence of primary tumour pTis. Carcinoma in situ pT1, pT2, pT3, pT4. Increasing size and/or local extent of the primary tumour histologically

pN - Regional Lymph Nodes
pNX. Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed histologically pN0. No regional lymph node metastasis histologically pN1, pN2, pN3. Increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes histologically

M – Metastatic disease
M0 No metastases
M1 Metastases present

Question 3

how to clasificy residual dissease post operatively

Answer 3

RX. Presence of residual tumour cannot be assessed

R0. No residual tumour

R1. Microscopic residual tumour

R2. Macroscopic residual tumour

Question 4

t scoring

Answer 4

Question 5

types of tumor tissue

Answer 5