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Therapeutic Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic approach focusing on resolving unconscious conflicts.

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2
Q

How is psychoanalytic theory proposed to work?

A

Unconscious struggles exist between the id (unconscious; our animalistic desire for sex and aggression) and the superego (partially conscious; the part of you that knows how society expects you to behave. The ego (partially conscious) mediates the id and superego. Freud believed that bringing unconscious struggles between the id and superego into conscious awareness would relieve the stress of the conflict

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3
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory’s modern-day counterpart?

A

Psychodynamic theory

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4
Q

How is psychodynamic theory different than psychoanalytic theory?

A

Psychodynamic theory puts clients into their social and interpersonal context, and focuses more on relieving psychological distress than changing the person

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5
Q

Free association

A

A technique of psychoanalytic/dynamic theorists; a process in which the patient reports all thoughts that come to mind without censorship, and these thoughts are interpreted by the therapist.

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6
Q

What do dreams contain according to psychoanalysts?

A

Manifest content (the literal content) and LATENT content (symbolic) – the latent content represents an unconscious concern, thus, the therapist must help discover the latent content underlying one’s manifest content through dream analysis

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7
Q

Act of transference

A

Patient displaces feelings for people in their life onto the therapist

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8
Q

Countertransference

A

When a therapist displaces his/her own emotions onto the patient

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9
Q

Disadvantages/criticisms of psychoanalysis

A
  • Not appropriate for severe psychopathology or mental retardation
  • Expensive – tx lasts many years
  • Lack of empirical support
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10
Q

Humanistic and Person-Centred Theory (PCT)

A

Mental health problems arise from an inconsistency b/w patients’ behaviours and their true personal identity
Goal: create conditions for pts to discover self-worth, feel comfortable exploring their identity, and alter behaviour to reflect this identity

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11
Q

Who developed PCT?

A

Carl Rogers

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12
Q

Main belief of Carl Rogers underpinning PCT

A

All people have the potential to change and improve, and that the role of therapists is to foster self-understanding in an environment where adaptive change is most likely to occur

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13
Q

PCT Techniques

A
  • Unstructured conversation b/w therapist and pt (like psychodynamic)
  • Therapist takes a PASSIVE role – do not try to change pt’s thoughts or behaviours directly (like in psychoanalysis)
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14
Q

Original name of PCT?

A

non-directive therapy (flexible approach to therapy)

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15
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

In person-centered therapy, an attitude of warmth, empathy and acceptance adopted by the therapist in order to foster feelings of inherent worth in the patient.

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16
Q

PCT Disadvantages

A
  • Mixed findings about effectiveness
  • Tx is based primarily on unspecific treatment factors (techniques that can be applied to anyone, like establishing a good relationship with the pt)
  • Uses same practices for everyone (one size fits all)
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17
Q

CBT

A

A family of approaches with the goal of changing the thoughts and behaviors that influence psychopathology.

  • Present-focused; now vs. causes from the past, such as childhood relationships
  • Brief; 12-16 weekly sessions
  • Empirical evidence of efficacy
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18
Q

What is the premise of CBT?

A

Thoughts, behaviours and emotions interact and contribute to various mental disorders

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19
Q

Who invented CBT?

A

Aaron T. Beck (psychiatrist) and Albert Ellis (psychologist)

Ellis developed “rational-emotional behavioural therapy” which serves as the basis for CBT development

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20
Q

automatic thoughts

A

Thoughts that occur spontaneously; often used to describe problematic thoughts that maintain mental disorders.

Arise from 3 schemas: beliefs about the self, beliefs about the world, and beliefs about the future

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21
Q

Beck’s 3 schemas

A

1) Beliefs about the self
2) beliefs about the world
3) beliefs about the future

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22
Q

Reappraisal/Cognitive Structuring

A

The process of identifying, evaluating, and changing maladaptive thoughts in psychotherapy.

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23
Q

Exposure therapy

A

Esp. for anxiety disorders: pt. confronts a problematic situation and fully engages with the experience instead of avoiding it

Occurs through EXTINCTION LEARNING

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24
Q

CBT disadvantages

A

Doesn’t involve significant effort on the part of the patient, because the patient is an active participant in treatment

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Ellis' ABC model
Activating events --> Beliefs --> Consequences Our emotions and behaviours (C) are not directly determined by life events (A), but rather by the way these events are cognitively processed and evaluated (B) REBT divides beliefs into "rational" and "irrational" beliefs
26
Mindfulness
A process that reflects a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state. -- other therapies try to modify or eliminate these sensations and thoughts, but mindfulness focuses on non-judgmentally accepting them - draws attention away from past and future stressors, encourages acceptance of troubling thoughts and feelings, and promotes physical relaxation
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2 important components of mindfulness
1) self-regulation of attention | 2) orientation towards the present moment
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Mindfulness based therapy (MBT)
A form of psychotherapy grounded in mindfulness theory and practice, often involving meditation, yoga, body scan, and other features of mindfulness exercises.
29
Mindfulness-based stress reduction
uses yoga, meditation, and attention to physical experiences to reduce stress -- reducing a person's overall stress will allow that person to objectively evaluate their thoughts
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Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
Focussed on one's thoughts and their associated emotions (rather than reducing one's general stress) MBCT focuses on "not getting caught up in" maladaptive thoughts, where as CBT presupposes to "push out" these thoughts
31
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)
A treatment often used for borderline personality disorder that incorporates both cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness elements.
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Distress tolerance
A skill taught in DBT; ways to cope with maladaptive thoughts and emotions in the moment
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DBT vs CBT?
DBT employs techniques that address specific symptoms of the problem (e.g. replace cutting oneself with flicking an elastic band against the skin) CBT does not teach such skills because of the concern that the skills may be harmful long-term by maintaining maladaptive thoughts and behaviours
34
Dialectical worldview
A perspective in DBT that emphasizes the joint importance of change and acceptance. - some things can have characteristics of both "good" and "bad"
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Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
Patients observe their thoughts from a detached perspective - Fosters nonjudgmental observation of one’s own mental processes.
36
Advantages of MBT
- acceptability and accessibility -- yoga and meditation are widely known in pop culture - Growing evidence supports efficacy in treating mood disorders and anxiety disorders
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Cognitive bias modification
Using exercises (e.g., computer games) to change problematic thinking habits
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Integrative or eclectic psychotherapy
Approaches combining multiple orientations I.e., Distress tolerance skills from DBT, cognitive reappraisal from CBT, and mindfulness meditation from MBCT
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repression/denial
Not allowing threatening thoughts into conscious awareness (done by EGO) Ex. Oedipus Complex; feelings towards same-sex parent are repressed by ego
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Rationalization
Justifying behaviour/feelings that are a source of guilt
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Projection
Accusing others of also having unacceptable/bad feelings | e.g. hating someone, knowing this is bad, so convincing self that that person hates you instead
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Displacement
Satisfying an impulse via a less threatening recipient | i.e. being mad at boss and going home to kick dog
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Compensation
Excelling in one area to make up for personal shortcomings
44
Reaction formation
Embracing feelings/behaviours opposite to the true threatening feelings one has - a married woman is infatuated with another man. Instead of cheating, she showers her husband with love and affection
45
Sublimation
Healthy | - Channeling harmful feelings/behaviours into acceptable outlets (like sports for aggression)
46
identification
imitating a central figure in one's life (i.e. a parent)
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Undoing
performing an often ritualistic activity in order to relieve anxiety about unconcious drives (cleaning?)
48
Dreams
Safe outlets for unconscious material -- contain manifest (obvious) and latent content (to be analyzed)
49
Ego
Mediates b/w environment an pressures of id and supergo Operates via the "reality" principle Conscious
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Id
Unconscious biological drives (sex/libido, aggression) and wishes - Born with only id - Operates under the pleasure principle; cannot delay gratification
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Superego
Develops after learned experiences - Imposes learned social drives - Concept of what is "good" and what is "bad" - fights with id
52
Alfred Adler
Founder of Individual Theory | - Left Freud because construction of human nature was "too negative"
53
Individual Theory
Pschodynamic approach where people viewed as "social, creative and whole" - people are in the process of "becoming" - Journey to becoming is motivated by social needs and feelings of inferiority --> occur when current self doesn't match ideal self Healthy person: has sufficient "will-power" to concur feelings of inferiority & pursues goals that are beneficial t to society Unhealthy: too affected by feelings of inferiority/ "yes, but" mentality --> if they do achieve goals, they are self-serving
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Goal of individual theory
reduce feelings of inferiority and foster social interest and social contribution in patients
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Critique of individual theory
Only applies to "normal" people in search of growth
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Adler's 4 personality typologies
1) Ruling-dominant (choleric) 2) Getting-leaning (phlegmatic) 3) Avoiding (melancholic) 4) Socially useful (sanguine)
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Ruling-dominant (choleric) type (Adler)
High in activity but LOW in social contribution | = dominant
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Getting-leaning (phlegmatic) (adler)
Low in activity and HIGH in social contribution | = dependent
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Avoiding type (melancholic) (Adler)
LOW in both activity and social contribution; unhealthy , withdrawn
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Socially useful type (sanguine) (Adler)
HIGH in both activity and social contribution; healthy
61
Analytical Theory
Carl Jung -- left Freud due to emphasis on libido Psychodynamic Goal: use unconscious messages in order to become more aware and closer to fulll potential Psyche is directed toward life and awareness (rather than sex, as Freud believe)
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Jung's division of the uconscious
1) Personal unconscious -- material from individual's own experiences -- can become conscious 2) Collective unconscious -- dynamics of psyche inherited from ancestors; common to all people and contains ARCHETYPES
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Jung's Archetypes
1) Persona 2) Shadow 3) Anima 4) Animus 5) Self
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Persona
A person's outer mask; the mediator to the external world
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Shadow
A person's dark side often projected onto others
66
Behaviour therapy
(Skinner, Pavlov, Wolpe) - Abnormal behaviour is simply the result of learning - Short-term and directed therapy that uses specific counter-conditioning techniques to foster NEW learning of responses - Critiqued for treating only the symptoms, not the problem
67
Systematic desensitization
Wolpe =slowly extinguish anxiety in relaxed environment trough exposure to increasingly anxiety-provoking stimuli (i.e., pictures of snakes, fake snake, snake)
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Flooding/implosive therapy
Exposure therapy -- while faster than systematic desensitization, it is potentially traumatizing
69
Behavioural rehearsal
allows patients to overcome anxieties by ROLE-PLAYING in a mock rehearsal
70
Maladaptive cognitions (cognitive theory)
Central to cognitive theory; lead to abnormal behaviour or disturbed affect

NOBA Psychology (10 decks)

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