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NOBA Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Fritz Heider

A

Believed we engage in social cognition for 2 reasons:

1) a need to understand the world around us
2) Need to control the world around us

Human behaviour therefore driven by need to PREDICT and CONTROL

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2
Q

Attribution theory

A 
Kelley
3 Types of information used for us to arrive at internal and external attributions of observed behaviour
1) Consensus
2) Consistency
3) Distinctiveness

Systematic way (+ time consuming) of making conclusions

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3
Q

Attribution Bias

A

Using ‘gut feeling’ or instinct rather than systematic deductions (consensus, consistency, distinctiveness)`

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4
Q

Fundamental Attribution (FA) Bias

A

Tendency to make dispositional (internal) attribution to someone rather than a situational (external) attribution

Ex. Jones & Harris Castro Narrative study; people thought that writer’s were pro-Castro even when told that they had no choice in writing an argument

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5
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

People tend to make FA Bias about OTHER, but make situational attributions about themselves

  • Perceptual salience explains this
  • Reversed when one puts a mirror in front of themselves (start making situational attributions for themselves)
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6
Q

Self-serving bias

A

attribution made in a way that makes us feel GOOD

- ex: attributing success to hard work and failure to bad luck

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7
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Judgments are made by what is most attention-grabbing in the context @ hand
Ex. people flew less after 9/11 despite air travel being safer than ground transport
Based on phenomena like the FALSE CONSENSUS EFFECT

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8
Q

False consensus effect

A

People believe that most others agree with them

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9
Q

Social priming (2 studies)

A
  • Affects attributions & behaviour

Asch study:
lists about a person contained same words scrambled such that List 1: “intelligent, …, envious”; List 2: “envious, … intelligent”
- People w/ list 1 ranked person more positively than people w/ list 2

Bargh study:
People who unscrambled “polite” sentences interacted more politely with experimenters than those who unscrambled “rude” sentences

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10
Q

Script

A

Learned set of behaviours that are both necessary and acceptable in specific social contexts
e.g. going to the movie theatre

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11
Q

Schema

A

Items brought to mind as a result of a basic categorization process
- Known as STEREOTYPES when these related to groups of people

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12
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Robert Zajonc (SCIENCE)

  • The more we see something, the more familiar it is, the more we like it
  • Zajonc showed participants made up characters for various durations – they preferred the ones that they had seen for longer durations

We don’t like photos of ourselves because we’re unfamiliar with this orientation – we prefer our mirror image

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13
Q

Staats’ Associative Learning

A

Paired the words “Dutch” and “Swedish” with either -ve or +ve words; participants rated the nationalities based on whichever words were associated
- Works best with non-sense words (reduced prior knowledge)

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14
Q

Self-perception theory

A

People reflect on own behaviour when UNSURE of their attitude (weak attitude)
Helps to construct a mental model of their world

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15
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

People have a STRONG attitude but behave in opposition

Attitude change helps them to modify their mental model to maintain its predictive utility

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16
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

A

a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes.

Cacioppo and Petty

17
Q

ELM Central Route

A

persuasion will likely result from a person’s careful and thoughtful consideration of the true merits of the information presented in support of an advocacy

  • involves a high level of message elaboration in which a great amount of cognition about the arguments are generated by the individual receiving the message.
  • The results of attitude change will be relatively enduring, resistant, and predictive of behavior
  • Minority dissent encourages CENTRAL route processing; steers people away from heuristics and encourages conversion rather than compliance
18
Q

ELM Peripheral Route

A

persuasion results from a person’s association with positive or negative cues in the stimulus or making a simple inference about the merits of the advocated position

  • The cues received by the individual under the peripheral route are generally unrelated to the logical quality of the stimulus.
  • These cues will involve factors such as the credibility or attractiveness or speech prosody of the sources of the message, or the production quality of the message
  • The likelihood of elaboration will be determined by an individual’s motivation and ability to evaluate the argument being presented
19
Q

Which ELM Route is more predictive of behaviour?

A

Central route
- employs more critical processing than peripheral route; attitudes formed through this route are more resistant to change

20
Q

Musaf Sherif Informational Influence Study

A

Participants estimated oscillation range of autokinetic effect illusion (looks like movement but is actually stationary)

  • Judgments CONVERGED when made in a group vs. when made alone
  • Opposite of false consensus effect; increasing uncertainty led to participants looking to others’ judgments as a guide
21
Q

Solomon Asch Normative Influence Study

A

Participants judged line length (vs. 2 other lines) in a room full of confederates
– very obvious judgment, but when confederates started to agree on a clearly wrong length, participants too began to give the wrong response 37% of the time (vs. 1% when alone)

22
Q

Normative Influence

A
  • Asch Line Length Study
  • Changes PUBLIC attitudes (not private attitudes)
  • aka Compliance
  • Increasing # of people present increases normative influence (to an extent)
23
Q

Informational Influence

A
  • Musaf Sherif autokinetic effect study
  • Changes public AND private attitudes
  • aka Conversion
  • Increasing informational influence (uncertainty) will increase conformity
  • Uncertainty = increased desire to fit in
24
Q

Minority Influence

A

Moscovi Colour Hue Study

  • 4 patients and 2 confederates had to report “hue” of a colour
  • Majority group changed responses if and only if the minority (confederates) were consistent w/ their dissent
  • Majority must engage in an attributional process to try ot figure out WHY minority is behaving as it does (by IGNORING informational influence)
  • Are they “just mad” or are they “confident”?
25
Q

3 Styles of Leadership

A

1) Autocratic
2) Democratic (best)!
3) Laissez-faire

26
Q

Leader-member exchange theory

A

Leader effectiveness depends on the relationships developed b/w leaders and followers

27
Q

Social identity theory

A

Good relations encourage followers to “depersonalize” and see themselves less as individuals and more as group members

28
Q

Social Facilitation

A 
Norman Tripplett (one founder of soc. psych)
- Children turned reels faster in pairs than when alone
29
Q

Evaluation-Apprehension (E-A)

A

E-A increases physiological arousal –> body performs SIMPLE tasks more quickly
- Blindfolded audiences don’t clap as loud b/c less aware of evaluation by others

Animals, however, DO experience social facilitation and don’t care about judgment/evaluation

30
Q

Social inhibition

A

Prescence of others can increase speed of simple tasks
but DECREASE speed on complex tasks
- People perform math worse in groups
- Experts (w/ well-trained behavioural patterns) perform BETTER w/an audience

31
Q

Social Loafing

A

Bibb Latané

  • Reduction in individual performance when effects of a group are pooled so cannot be judged individually
  • people told to shout were loader when they thought they were alone vs. when they thought they were in a group
  • due to DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY
32
Q

Bystander apathy effect

A

Outcome of social loafing

  • Kitty Genovese
  • Increasing number of “non-acting” people in a room will decrease likelihood of someone to take action
  • e.g. smoke-filled room experiments, epileptic seizure experiment
  • Another type of normative/informational influence

NOBA Psychology (10 decks)

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