theory theory theory theory theory

Question 1

decay metaphors

Answer 1

aitchinson

Question 2

jesperson

Answer 2

coined prescriptivism

Question 3

milroy

Answer 3

belfast study. integrated herself into different social groups as a ‘friend of a friend’. gave participants a ‘network strength score’ based on multiple different factors surrounding group involvement. found that the higher a person’s NSS was, the more non-standard forms were used in their vocabulary. sociolect study

milroy also deducted that relationships influence language choices rather than class. relevant when talking about open and closed social groups

Question 4

gary irves

Answer 4

bradford study. 8 punjabi teenagers studied, focus of investigation was to see how codeswitching between punjabi and english happened. irves found that in the situation he studied, code switching was a conscious choice that contributed to individual’s sense of group identity.

Question 5

kachru

Answer 5

created the first ever circle model for the english language. inner circle countries had english as a lingua franca, while the outer circle countries used english as a functional language and nothing more. this model was deemed hierarchical by some and was later replaced by a different model.

Question 6

mcarthur

Answer 6

made a new and improved circle model to replace kachru’s. it imposed a sort of equality across all forms of english, and prescriptivists preferred this. mcarthur also said that due to the rapid spread of english around the world, it was likely that english would fragment into a family of languages.

Question 7

labov

Answer 7

studied overt prestige. there is prestige associated with language, in particular with accents. lower class people are more aware of this and therefore converge more often. study conducted in a new york department store.

Question 8

giles

Answer 8

accommodation theory. convergence/divergence

Question 9

bernstein

Answer 9

higher classes use elaborated code more than lower classes. however, most people use a mixture of elaborated and restricted code.

Question 10

lakoff

Answer 10

politeness theory. women use language traits, like mitigators, that render women’s language as tentative and therefore disqualifies women from positions of authority.

Question 11

o’barr and atkins

Answer 11

courtroom study

Question 12

zimmerman and west

Answer 12

conversational dominance

Question 13

cheshire

Answer 13

variation in dialect is a conscious choice, caused by social attitude (which is a stronger determining factor than gender)

Question 14

trudgill

Answer 14

non standard language features are more common in lower classes. women are more conscious of their language choices than men

Question 15

coates

Answer 15

girls and boys develop different styles of speaking due to experiencing different interactions in their all boy/all girl friendship groups

Question 16

fairclough

Answer 16

computers imitate human interaction. drop down menus allow you to turn take

Question 17

werry

Answer 17

extra letters used in online chat to replicate semantic nuance/human speech

Question 18

shegloff

Answer 18

canonical openings. most telephone calls start the same way and use similar conversational structures

Question 19

grice’s maxims

Answer 19

quality, relevance, manner
implicature (e.g. someone asking ‘is the shop open today’ and someone replying, ‘it’s sunday’. the implication is that no, the shop will not be open, because it is sunday and the shop is closed on sundays.

Question 20

brown and levinson

Answer 20

positive and negative politeness. positive = making someone feel good about themselves. negative = making someone feel like they havent been taken advantage of.

face threatening acts = when we are rude (directed at other person in conversation) or apologising (face threatening act directed at ourselves)