THEORY OF STRUCTURES Flashcards
structural element that is rigidly supported at one end and carries a load at the other end
CANTILEVER BEAM
unsupported end is known as the ___, and it extends beyond the support point
CANTILEVER
specialty within the field of civil eng
focuses on the framework of structures, and on designing those structures to withstand the stresses and pressures of their environment
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
based upon the physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of diff materials and geometries
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING THEORY
deals with the calculations and observations of load and stress
calculation of load coming on the members and analyze them
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
decides dimensions of the structural members by using those structural analysis findings
decides the shape and size of the structural members on the basis of calculated load from structural analysis
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
system of connected parts used to support a load
bldgs, bridges, towers
STRUCTURE
types of bridges (list at least 7)
TRUSS BRIDGE
ARCH BRIDGE
GIRDER BRIDGE
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
CABLE-STAYED ARCH BRIDGE
CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE
CANTILEVER BRIDGE
structural elements:
- structural members subjected to a tensile force
- members are slender, and are often chosen from rods, bars, angles, or channels
TIE RODS OR BRACING STRUTS
usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads
classified according to the way they are supported
designed to resist bending moment
BEAMS
columns (give 4 types)
RECTANGULAR COLUMN
CIRCULAR COLUMN
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
REINFORCED CONCRETE
members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads
COLUMNS
consist of slender elements, usually arranged in triangular fashion
TRUSSES
composed of members that lie in the same plane and are frequently used for bridge and roof support
PLANAR TRUSSES
have members extending in three dimensions and are suitable for derricks, and towers
SPACE TRUSSES
members that are subjected to internal axial, shear, and moment loadings
FRAME
often used in bldgs and are composed of beams and columns that are either pin or fixed connected
extended in two or three dimensions
FRAMES
two other forms of structures used to span long distances
CABLES AND ARCHES
usually flexible and carry their loads in tension
commonly used to support bridges and bldgs roofs
limited only by their sag, weight, and methods of anchorage
CABLES
achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse curvature to that of the cable
must be rigid to maintain its shape, and this results in secondary loadings involving shear and moment
frequently used in bridge structures
ARCHES
types of loads according to nature:
- a load that doesn’t change significantly over time
- permanent, fixed-place equipment
- self-weight or superimposed
DEAD LOAD
types of loads according to nature:
any structural element consisting of the main structure such as foundations, beams, columns, and frame
dead load: self-weight
types of loads according to nature:
any fixed materials or equipment that is installed after the main structural is erected
dead load: superimposed
types of loads according to nature:
- also called imposed loads and they are either moving loads or movable loads that do not have any impact or acceleration
- part of what an occupant brings into the bldg
- furniture, movable partitions
LIVE LOAD
types of loads according to nature:
- represents the variable and transient forces that act upon a structure
LIVE LOAD
types of loads according to nature:
- used to refer to any pressures or forces that the wind exerts on a bldg or stucture
- pressure applied due to the wind on a structure
WIND LOAD
types of loads according to nature:
- steel structures are often subjected to wind forces
- eng employ advanced wind eng techniques and wind tunnel testing to assess the impact of wind and design structures that can withstand these forces
WIND LOAD
types of loads according to nature:
- the downward force on a bldg’s roof by the weight of accumulated snow and ice
- roof or the entire structure can fail if the snow load exceeds the weight the bldg was designed to shoulder
SNOW LOAD
types of loads according to nature:
- a dynamic load, which means it brings about the vibration of structures
EARTHQUAKE/SEISMIC LOAD
types of loads according to nature:
- experience expansion and contraction due to temperature fluctuations
TEMPERATURE LOAD
types of loads according to nature:
- may encounter ___ load caused by moving loads, machinery vibrations, or even human activities such as dancing or exercising
DYNAMIC LOAD
types of loads according to application:
- load acting on a small elemental area
POINT OR CONCENTRATED LOAD
types of loads according to application:
- force that is applied evenly over the distance of a support
UNIFORM DISTRIBUTED LOAD
types of loads according to application:
- non uniform load/varying load
TRIANGULAR
TRAPEZOIDAL
leading authority and resource worldwide for the development distribution and adoption of consensus-based standards, technical resources, etc
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI)
not for profit technical institute and trade association for the use of structural steel in the construction industry of the US
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AISC)
primary design code in the country, providing guidance to civil and structural engineers on the design and assessment of buildings and any other structures since its first edition in 1972
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PH
structural elements (give 3)
ROLLER SUPPORT
PIN-CONNECTED
FIXED SUPPORT
beams depth is greater than its width because it can bear more load and develops less stress in it
TRUE
type of forces:
applied forces and reactions forces
EXTERNAL FORCES
type of forces:
forces and couples exerted on a member or portion of the structure by the rest of the structure
INTERNAL FORCES
considered to be __ if it maintains its shape and remains a rigid body when detached from the supports
INTERNALLY STABLE OR RIGID
considered to be __ if it cannot maintain its shape and may undergo large displacement when not supported externally
INTERNALLY UNSTABLE OR NONRIGID
to ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members, it is not only necessary to satisfy the equations of equilibrium, but the members must also be properly held or constrained by their supports
STABILITY
2 situations for proper constraints have not been meet:
PARTIAL CONSTRAINTS
IMPROPER CONSTRAINTS
some cases a structure or one of its members have fewer reactive forces than equations of equilibrium that must be satisfied
PARTIAL CONSTRAINTS
some cases there may be as many unknown forces as there are equations of equilibrium, however, instability or movement of a structure or its members can develop because of improper constraining by supports
the line of forces is concurrent or parallel forces
IMPROPER CONSTRAINTS
if number of unknown is less than the number of equations
U < E
the line of forces is concurrent or parallel forces
UNSTABLE
