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BM ISAAC > Theory + Application of Cell Mechanics > Flashcards

Theory + Application of Cell Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress relaxation?

A

the stress induced in the body deceases with time under a constant deformation

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2
Q

Creep

A

Applying a constant force to the body, the body will continue to deform and this increases over time

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3
Q

Hysteresis

A

a body subjected to cyclic loading, experiences a different stress strain relationship during loading and unloading

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4
Q

What is bacterial motion?

A

very swift and agile

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5
Q

What happens to a viscoelastic material under high frequency excitation?

A

It becomes stronger

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6
Q

What do viscoelastic properties depend on?

A

frequency

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7
Q

Name 3 examples of single cell motion in viscous physiological flow and what do they all have in common?

A

1 - RBC moving in capillary
2 - bacteria swim with bodies + flagella
3 - sperm cells swimming around the interstitial fluid

LOWWWW reynolds flow Re &laquo_space;1

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8
Q

What is the function of a erythrocyte?

A

Exchange co2 + return to lung to unload co2 and soak up o2 again

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9
Q

What is the shape of a erythocyte?

A

disk shaped with almost perfect symmetry

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10
Q

Explain the growth process of a erythrocyte

A
  1. RBC grow in the bone marrow and have a nuclei and irregular shape
  2. As they mature they expel their nuclei and enter the blood
  3. Circulate body for 120 days then SWELL into spherical shape
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11
Q

What is the ratio of Leukocytes to Erythrocytes?

A

1:1000

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12
Q

What is the function of a Leukocyte?

A

key role in immune system + protecting the body against diseases

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13
Q

What are the two types of Leukocytes and what compromises these subgroups

A
  1. Non-granular
    - Monocytes & Lymphocytes (20-40%)
  2. Granulocyte - characterised by granules in the cytoplasm
    - Neutrophils (50-70%)
    - Basophils
    - Eosinophils
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14
Q

What is the function of the monocytes?

A

functions in the ingestion of bacteria & other foreign particles

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15
Q

What is the function and percentage of Lymphocytes found in the body?

A

25% of leukocyte count but increase the presence of infection

  1. B cells
  2. T cells
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16
Q

What are neutrophils

A

remember - granulocytes
they are professional phagocytes > primary function to kill and eat bacteria and arrive quickly ON SITEEEEEEEEEE
oi neutrophils are on beef

17
Q

Describe what basophils are

A
  • remember - granulocytes*
  • coarse granules
  • stain blue when exposed to dye
  • less than 1% of leukocyte count
18
Q

Describe eosinophils and their function

A
  • readily stained with eosin
  • 1-3% of leukocyte count
  • function in allergic responses and resisting some infections
19
Q

What are fibroblasts and what do they play an important role in?

A

The most common cells of connective tissue

- important role in WOUND HEALING

20
Q

What is the importance of cell mechanics in fibroblast migration + contraction?

A
  • tissue regeneration
  • cancer genesis
  • corneal fibroblasts determining corneal clarity, mechanical integrity & refractive properties
21
Q

How thin is the cell membrane of a RBC?

A

< 10 nm

22
Q

(RBC) What does the cell membrane consist of?

A

2 layers of phospholipid molecules

  • hydrophilic heads facing out
  • hydrophobic tail locking into each other on the interior
23
Q

(RBC) What does the lipid bilayer contribute to the cell membrane?

A

Fluidity or viscosity

liquid-like behaviours

24
Q

(RBC) What are the 3 types of proteins found in the cell membrane?

A
  1. INTEGRAL proteins - embedded in membrane
  2. SKELETAL proteins - a network linking the endoface parallel to the membrane
  3. SPECTRIN contributes elasticity (solid-like behaviours) of the membrane
25
Q

(RBC) How can you characterise the mechanical behaviour of the RBC cell membrane (3)

A
  1. osmotic swelling of erythrocyte (RBC)
  2. shear deformation
  3. area dilation experiment
26
Q

Explain pure shear and simple shear

A

pure shear - distortion of the cell membrane without a change in area

simple shear - composed of pure shear and area dilation/change

27
Q

What are the 3 stages of cell migration

A
    1. Protusion of leading edge
    1. Adhesion at the leading edge > leads to deadhesion on the trailing edge
      1. Movement of the cell body
  • filament cross linking occurring at the leading edge
28
Q

What does bending rigidity play in important role in?

A

Governing cell shape

29
Q

During cell migration what are the focal adhesions of a moving cell doing?

A

They appear to exert stronger traction forces

30
Q

What do focal adhesions serve mechanically as?

A

“anchor” for acting filament to generate contraction force

BM ISAAC (5 decks)

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