Theory Flashcards
What are Grice’s maxims?
Quantity - say as much as you need to and no more
Quality - say the truth
Relevance - be relevant
Manner - don’t be ambiguous
What are the aspects of Giles’ accommodation theory?
Convergence and divergence fall under accommodation. Either can be upward or downward
What are the four main CLA theories and their theorists
Nativism - Chomsky
Behaviourism - Skinner
Interactionalism - Bruner
Cognitivism - Piaget
What are Halliday’s seven functions of speech?
Heuristic - find out about their environment (“where boat go?”)
Imaginative - creating imaginary concepts
Interactional - for social purposes (“love you mama”)
Representational - state facts (“that car red”)
Instrumental - expressing their needs (“me want milk”)
Regulatory - tell other what to do (“come here”)
Personal - express personal feelings (“i proud girl”)
What did the Wug Test prove?
That children can apply grammar rules to words they haven’t seen before once they reach the age of about 5-6
What are Tannen’s six differences between men and women’s speech?
Status VS Support
Conflict VS Compromise
Information VS Feelings
Orders VS Proposals
Advice VS Understanding
Independence VS Intimacy
What are Aitchison’s theories of language change?
Crumbling castle
Damp spoon
Infectious disease
Explain Goffman’s face theory
Positive face is our self esteem and is threatened when we are criticised
Negative face is our need to avoid doing things we don’t want to do
Explain how and who expanded on Goffman’s face theory
Brown and Levinson expanded on Goffman’s face theory
They identified four politeness strategies:
- Bald on-record: blunt
- Positive politeness: jokes and tag questions to show interest in the other person
- Negative politeness: using negative constructions to be polite (“I suppose that isn’t possible anymore”)
- Off-record: not affecting the other person’s face at all
Which theorist coined the term “code switching”?
Janet Holmes
What are Piaget’s stages of language development?
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
What are the grammatical stages of language development?
Holophrastic stage
Two-word stage
Telegraphic stage
Post-telegraphic stage
What is Trudgill’s theory?
Regardless of social class, men use non-standard forms more than women
Who coined synthetic personalisation?
Norman Fairclough
What are Fairclough’s three stages of synthetic personalisation?
1.Build relationships through personal pronouns, informal lexis and personalised cultural references
2. Carefully select vocabulary and visuals to match the ideology being sold
3. Create a consumer willing to receive the ideology being sold to them
How do you conduct Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Consider who benefits from a text and who is marginalised. Consider who is producing and receiving the text, and the cultural attitudes of the time
