theory Flashcards

1
Q

The strong characters of Carpentaria – Norm Phantom, Will Phantom, Mozzie Fishman, and Angel Day, were inspired by the strength of our people, epic unconquerable people, who I believe are totally imbued with the essence of our powerful spiritual ancestral stories, and this is what I believe give us our strength, and because of the interconnectivity and our understanding of our inter-relativeness to all things in our world, comes with the belief that our country hears its people, it is listening all the time, and it speaks back to us.

A

Milan Kundera also explained that stories of epic heroes, whether they conquer, or are conquered should retain their grandeur to the last breath, so even though no heroes died in Carpentaria, they retained their grandeur, and this was a most important idea I had with the book, to achieve a work of art at the highest level of literary endeavour, and told in a way that could be understood anywhere in the world.

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2
Q

But the work of writing is a step by step process of deep thought, and extensive research into conceptual ideas, in order to slowly build literary worlds from our complicated world, and allow enough time to bring the characters portrayed in these novels to life, to give them time to grow full-bodied in mind and spirit.

A

My aim is to create literary worlds as authentically as I can with the aesthetics and values gained from ancient knowledge of this great land, and through these long endeavours, to produce an art form by living in these fictional worlds until I fulfil the reasons that had driven me to write the books in the first place.

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3
Q

focalisation

A

Du latin focalis qui signifie « au foyer, dans l’âtre », la focalisation est un procédé littéraire qui désigne dans un récit le point de vue à partir duquel l’univers est raconté et décrit.

La focalisation répond à une double visée pour chaque auteur qui l’emploie :

1) jouer et varier les points de vue pour conduire le récit ;
2) créer des effets dramaturgiques selon la focalisation choisie.

La focalisation ou point de vue est identifiée comme procédé littéraire pour la première fois par Jean Pouillon en 1946 dans son essai Temps et roman. Le critique y distingue trois manières pour un romancier de construire le point de vue par lequel son récit sera raconté : c’est ce qu’il nomme la « vision ». La première vision est la « vision par-derrière » par laquelle le narrateur en sait plus que le personnage ; la deuxième vision est la « vision avec » par laquelle le narrateur ne dit que ce que sait le personnage qu’il suit ; la troisième vision est la « vision du dehors » par laquelle le narrateur en dit moins que n’en sait le personnage.

Repartant de ces distinctions, Gérard Genette offre en 1972 dans Figures III au chapitre du « Discours du récit » la définition canonique de la focalisation qu’il précisera en 1983 : « Par focalisation, j’entends donc bien une restriction de “champ”, c’est-à-dire en fait une sélection de l’information narrative par rapport à ce que la tradition nommait l’omniscience. »

Il existe trois types de focalisation.Il s’agit de la focalisation dans laquelle le narrateur en sait plus que les personnages. Le narrateur se déplace d’un personnage à l’autre et peut ainsi connaître les faits et les gestes ainsi que les pensées de chacun

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4
Q

The rich and varied world of the mind within which Aboriginal people’s culture has long been grounded, and which is believed to exist in parallel with the tangible one renders the past far beyond the memory of any person, but conserved in the collective memory of the whole community.

A

Dreaming (Tjukurrpa) in Australia

everyone to be involved in decision-making from the point of view of seeing ourselves collectively, and as tied to a long vision of ourselves through our relationship to our land, culture, and people. The long vision is integral to our regenerative story-telling practices, with its foundations deep in our knowledge of the Law stories of our culture

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5
Q

These important stories of deep knowledge in our culture have always helped us to understand the creative and regenerative powers of this Continent, and to know how country is always alive, and can catastrophically change the world around us.

A

Through our system of ancient laws kept to this day in our culture, we understand that country is alive through the power of the ancestral creation spirits residing in it, and from their awakening, how dangerous these laws are when broken.

ex. deep knowledge:

All the people were terrified of the thunder on the mountain as Goorialla (the Rainbow Serpent) knocked it to pieces. They ran away and hid themselves, turning themselves into all the kinds of animals, birds, insects, fish and plant life that now exists in the country.

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6
Q

In my work as a writer, my overall aim is to try to achieve the highest standard in the art form of literary fiction,

A

the practice of imagining, by working more forcibly with literature

My personal challenge has always been to develop a literature more suited to the powerful, ancient cultural landscape of this country. It is a journey of imagining our own unique perspective, one that belongs here, and which is the legacy that has been passed down to us through countless generations so that we can know who we are in this place.

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7
Q

Le regard blanc

A

Le Noir chez lui, au XXe siècle, ignore le moment où son infériorité passe par l’autre… Sans nul doute, il nous est arrivé de discuter du problème noir avec des amis, ou plus rarement avec des Noirs américains. Ensemble nous protestions et affirmions l’égalité des hommes devant le monde. Il y avait aussi aux Antilles ce petit hiatus qui existe entre la békaille, la mulâtraille et la négraille. Mais nous nous contentions d’une compréhension intellectuelle de ces divergences. En fait, ça n’était pas dramatique. Et puis…

Et puis il nous fut donné d’affronter le regard blanc. Une lourdeur inaccoutumée nous oppressa. Le véritable monde nous disputait notre part. Dans le monde blanc, l’homme de couleur rencontre des difficultés dans l’élaboration de son schéma corporel. La connaissance du corps est une activité uniquement négatrice. C’est une connaissance en troisième personne. Tout autour du corps règne une atmosphère d’incertitude certaine. Je sais que si je veux fumer, il me faudra étendre le bras droit et saisir le paquet de cigarettes qui se trouve à
l’autre bout de la table. Les allumettes, elles, sont dans le tiroir de gauche, il faudra que je me recule légèrement. Et tous ces gestes, je les fais non par habitude, mais par une connaissance implicite.

Lente construction de mon moi en tant que corps au sein d’un monde spatial et temporel, tel semble être le schéma. Il ne s’impose pas à moi, c’est plutôt une structuration définitive du moi et du monde — définitive,
car il s’installe entre mon corps et le monde une dialectique effective.

Depuis quelques années, des laboratoires ont projeté de découvrir un sérum de dénégrification ; des laboratoires, le plus sérieusement du monde, ont rincé leurs éprouvettes, réglé leurs balances et entamé des
recherches qui permettront aux malheureux nègres de se blanchir, et ainsi de ne plus supporter le poids de cette malédiction corporelle. J’avais créé au-dessous du schéma corporel un schéma historicoracial. Les éléments que j’avais utilisés ne m’avaient pas été fournis par
« des résidus de sensations et perceptions d’ordre surtout tactile, vestibulaire, cinesthésique et visuel », mais par l’autre, le Blanc, qui m’avait tissé de mille détails, anecdotes, récits. Je croyais avoir à construire un moi physiologique, à équilibrer l’espace, à localiser des
sensations, et voici que l’on me réclamait un supplément.

« Tiens, un nègre ! » C’était un stimulus extérieur qui me chiquenaudait en passant. J’esquissai un sourire.
« Tiens, un nègre ! » C’était vrai. Je m’amusai.
« Tiens, un nègre ! » Le cercle peu à peu se resserrait. Je m’amusai
ouvertement.
« Maman, regarde le nègre, j’ai peur ! » Peur ! Peur ! Voilà qu’on se mettait à me craindre. Je voulus m’amuser jusqu’à m’étouffer, mais cela m’était devenu impossible.

Je ne pouvais plus, car je savais déjà qu’existaient des légendes, des histoires, l’histoire, et surtout l’historicité, que m’avait enseignée Jaspers. Alors le schéma corporel, attaqué en plusieurs points, s’écroula, cédant la place à un schéma épidermique racial. Dans le train, il ne s’agissait plus d’une connaissance de mon corps en troisième personne, mais en triple personne. Dans le train, au lieu d’une, on me laissait deux, trois places. Déjà je ne m’amusais plus. Je ne découvrais point de coordonnées fébriles du monde. J’existais en triple :
j’occupais de la place. J’allais à l’autre… et l’autre évanescent, hostile mais non opaque, transparent, absent, disparaissait. La nausée…

J’étais tout à la fois responsable de mon corps, responsable de ma race, de mes ancêtres. Je promenai sur moi un regard objectif, découvris ma noirceur, mes caractères ethniques, — et me défoncèrent le tympan l’anthropophagie, l’arriération mentale, le fétichisme, les tares raciales, les négriers, et surtout, et surtout : « Y a bon banania. »

Ce jour-là, désorienté, incapable d’être dehors avec l’autre, le Blanc, qui, impitoyable, m’emprisonnait, je me portai loin de mon êtrelà, très loin, me constituant objet. Qu’était-ce pour moi, sinon un décollement, un arrachement, une hémorragie qui caillait du sang noir sur tout mon corps ? Pourtant, je ne voulais pas cette reconsidération, cette thématisation. Je voulais tout simplement être un homme parmi d’autres hommes. J’aurais voulu arriver lisse et jeune dans un monde
nôtre et ensemble édifier.

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8
Q

The problem is not that things become buried far down in strata – but that they endure, outlive us, and come back at us with a force we didn’t realise they had, a dark force of ‘sleeping giants,’ roused from their deep-time slumber.

A

but that they endure, outlive us, and come back at us with a force we didn’t realise they had, a dark force of ‘sleeping giants,’ roused from their deep-time slumber

archaeologist Þóra Pétursdóttir of The Arctic University of Norway who wrote:

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9
Q

We live in an ever-increasing world of ideas, vision, images, memories, understandings and cultural realities.

A

But what becomes clearer to me the more I write, is that I have been trying to create a self-governing literary landscape through what I have learnt from our ancient library, and our knowledge of always governing ourselves.

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10
Q

“Aboriginal realism”

A

term coined by AW

-vs. magical realism, which paints a realistic view of the world while also adding magical elements, often blurring the lines between fantasy and reality.

-used as a generic term for recent Indigenous Australian fiction that fits this decolonial, deconstructive purpose

-seems an appropriate Australian alternative for the term magic realism, which risks assimilating the discrete world of magic into realism, fantasy into reality, the ideal into the real, and the Other into the Self from the perspective of western reason and normality.

-as a genre, Aboriginal realism posits Indigenous life experience as the basis for an Australian epistemology, in which Dreaming narrative flows from a sovereign universe whose spiritual and material effects question the legacy of the Enlightenment. It is in this epistemological tension of a fraught “cultural interface” (Nakata 2007, 199) that Wright’s “distant illusionary homelands” may rematerialize (Wright 2013, 4).

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11
Q

pathetic fallacy

A

the attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, type of personification

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12
Q

being of the serpent is porous: it permeates everything. it is all around in the atmosphere and is attached to the lives of the river people like skin

A

metaphor for interdependence, interconnectedness, and imbrication of the material and the spiritual, the natural and the human, the body of a people and its spiritualities, the mythical and the historical

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13
Q

Gurfurritt

A

mine neighboring Desperance, Norm’s sons work there, represents the extraction of resources from the earth, exploitation of indigenous/pauperized people, and the neocolonial power that such companies can assert; alludes to action without thought, an ideology of mindless, appropriative practices (“Go for it”)

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14
Q

Despérance

A

A. - “Désespoir”
B. - “État désespérant, ce qui cause le désespoir”

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15
Q

narrative voice

A

“some old aboriginal person” [embodied, with an age”

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16
Q

juxtaposition of aboriginal and colonial voices

A

demonstrates a critical project that strives for sovereignty in and through relation [historical, historicized social relations without centering the colonial-aboriginal relation] and reveals the nuance in thedecolonial inflection of her project (inasmuch as it unlinks knowledge and being from eurocentric theory and practice)

These political relationships are symbolized by the social, political, and natural landscape of Desperance… the origin of which “nobody can remember” (ch. 1) and is wiped from memory when a cyclone destroys it (ch 13)

17
Q

Uptown

A

-“marked on no map” (ch. 3)
-“owned by sequesterors” (ch. 3) [colonial descendants who claim owndership of all of Desperance)
-“glorious”
-where govt infrastracture is located
-dumps trash in Pricklebush

18
Q

Pricklebush

A

-“dense scrub on the edge of town” (ch. 1) “thickets,” plants, weeds, etc
-“foreign infestation on the edge of Desperance” (ibid)
-“human dumping ground” + “rubbish dump” (ch. 4)
-divided into Eastside and Westside, both of which claim to have been there first

19
Q

Eastside

A

“owned” by Joesph Midnight, Old Cyclone’s son

20
Q

Westide

A

“owned” by Normal Phantom, home of the dump + Number One house

21
Q

Natural landscape of the coastal region

A

-“Gulf of Carpentaria”
-“trees, landscape, grass” ; inland bush south of Desperance” (ch. 3)
-wet, clay, soils (ch. 1)
-subject to seasons

22
Q

secret/sacred Dreamtime

A

-a set of origin myths forming the environmental, cultural and legal backbone of the “Pricklebush mob” in the story and Indigenous society more broadly

-passed on and given in custody to itsmembers as country-mapping “songlines” guarded by totemic Ancestors.

-rooted in and giving shape to tribal country and society, the Dreamtime mediates their destruction and renewal, life and death

-dynamically and non-hierarchically bridges a whole series of discursive fields discrete in Western discourse

-levelling properties of Dreamtime Narrative, a literary transposition of Dreamtime onto Western epistemology, may be engaged in writing to “postcolonise” Indigenous country and culture, so that they are no longer informed by colonial structures and attitudes surviving after formal decolonisation

23
Q

la representation des relations neo-coloniales Carpentaria met en question la notion de l’occident

A

est présente dans la structure narrative: “a spinning multi-stranded helix of stories […] forever moving, entwining all stories together”…

-an Indigenous story-telling which “relates to all the leavings and returnings to ancient territory, while carrying the whole human endeavour in search of new dreams” and so intends to reach out to First Nations (Aboriginal) people, old settlers (Europeans) and new Australians (recent immigrants, often from Asia) alike

24
Q

“I felt literature, the work of fiction, was the best way of presenting a truth— not the real truth, but more of a truth than non-fiction, which is not really thetruth either.”

A

Non-fiction is often about the writer telling what is safe to tell… I use literature to try and create a truer replica of reality

25
Q

third indigenous group is also present in the novel

A

not permanent residents of Desperance but the modern equivalent of the nomadic Aboriginal people